锐蚀地形

锐蚀地形(Fretted terrain)是火星某些区域共有的一种表面特征并发现于水手9号所拍摄的照片中。它位于两种不同的地形之间,火星表面可分为两部分:覆盖了北半球大部分地区的低矮、年轻、无陨坑的平原;以及覆盖了南半球和一小部分北半球的高耸、古老、陨坑遍布的区域。介于这两种区域间的地区被称为火星分界区,其中部分包含了锐蚀地形。这种地形混杂着悬崖、桌山、地垛群以及直壁和蜿蜒的峡谷[1],还包含有紧挨陡崖的平坦低地和1-2公里高的陡坡或悬崖,该地区的河谷有宽阔平坦的地表和陡峭的崖壁[2]。锐蚀地形出现在阿拉伯台地北部区北纬30°至50°、西经270°至360°之间;以及埃奥利斯桌山群中北纬10°至南纬10°、西经240°至210°之间[3][4],锐蚀地形两个典型的示例是都特罗尼勒斯桌山群普罗敦尼勒斯桌山群

阿拉伯高地(伊斯墨诺斯湖区)中的锐蚀地形似乎从狭窄的直谷过渡到孤耸的桌山。大部分桌山周围都环绕着被赋予不同称呼的地貌特征:环台地围裙、岩屑围裙、岩石冰川舌状岩屑坡[5][6][7]。起初,它们看起来像地球上的岩石冰川,但科学家们尚不敢确定,即使在火星全球勘测者(MGS)和火星轨道器相机(MOC)拍摄了各种锐蚀地形照片后,专家们仍无法确定这些物质是否像富冰沉积物(冰川)那样移动或流动[4]。最终,火星勘测轨道器的雷达研究表明,它们含有纯净的水冰,上面覆盖着一层隔温的薄岩层,从而证明了它们的真实属性[8][9][10][11][12][13]

除了台地周围岩石覆盖的冰川外,该地区还有许多谷底带有线纹楞脊和沟槽的陡峭峡谷,构成谷底的这些材料被称为线状谷底沉积,在海盗号拍摄的一些最好图像中,部分峡谷的沉积物看起来像地球上的阿尔卑斯型冰川。考虑到这种相似性,一些科学家认为这些谷底线纹可能是流入(或是通过)峡谷和山谷中的冰形成的,今天人们已普遍认为是冰川流造成的线纹[14][15]

埃奥利斯桌山群中的锐蚀地形与阿拉伯地形相似,但缺少舌状岩屑坡和线状谷底沉积。埃奥利斯桌山群的部分地区被覆盖着雅丹地貌易碎、层状材料的梅杜莎槽沟层所环绕[3]

锐蚀高原地层的起源目前仍不完全清楚,看起来它确实含有细粒物质,而且几乎完全没有巨砾。这种地层和火星大部分表面覆盖的火成岩玄武岩形成鲜明对比。玄武岩会变成巨石,最后碎成沙子。人们认为,当高原地层物分解时,这些细小的颗粒更容易被风带走,高原地层的侵蚀似乎比火星上的其他地层快得多[3]。2018年在德克萨斯州举行的月球和行星科学会议上发表的研究报告表明,形成锐蚀地形的侵蚀是由地表下的水流推动的[16]

冰川 

在火星大部分区域,冰川构成了包括锐蚀地形在内的大部分可观测表面,大部分高纬度区,尤其是伊斯墨诺斯湖区,据信仍含有大量的水[2][17]。冰很可能是过去不同气候条件下以雪的形式沉积下来的。火星的转轴倾角变化远大于地球。有时,倾角的变化使极地冰盖升华,大气将水分带到中纬度区,在那里形成降雪和堆积[18][19][20]。地球的倾角得益于较大的月球才稳定下来,而火星的两颗卫星都很小[21][22]

由于地表褶皱、坑洼,而且经常覆盖着显示运动方向的线状条纹,要在这片崎岖的地形上行走将是寸步难行。大部分粗糙的纹理是由于地下冰升华形成的坑洞所导致,冰直接蒸发为气体(这一过程被称为升华)后留下一个空穴,上覆的地层则会塌陷到空隙中[23]。冰川不是纯冰,它们含有尘土和岩石。

悬崖

线状底表沉积

凹坑

冰川特征

在阿拉伯锐蚀地形中,环绕着众多桌山群和丘群周边的是一种被称为舌状岩屑坡(LDA)的地貌,现在我们相信它通常是上面覆盖着一层薄岩屑的纯冰。雷达研究已经确定了舌状岩屑坡中含有冰,因此,这些冰对未来的火星定居者很重要。

其他锐蚀地形示例

另请参阅

参考文献

  1. ^ Sharp, R. 1973. Mars Fretted and chaotic terrains. J. Geophys. Res.: 78. 4073–4083
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Kieffer, Hugh H.; et al (编). Mars. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. 1992 [September 25, 2012]. ISBN 0-8165-1257-4. (原始内容存档于2021-03-20). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Irwin, R., et al. 2004. Sedimentary resurfacing and fretted terrain development along the crustal dichotomy boundary, Aeolis Mensae, Mars. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH: 109, E09011, doi:10.1029/2004JE002248.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Catalog Page for PIA01502. [2020-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-25). 
  5. ^ 1053.PDF (PDF). [2020-11-06]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-06-11). 
  6. ^ Carr, M.  2006.  The Surface of Mars.  Cambridge University Press.  ISBN 978-0-521-87201-0
  7. ^ Squyres, S.  1978.  Martian fretted terrain:  Flow of erosional debrid.  Icarus: 34. 600-613.
  8. ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2020-11-06]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-01-23). 
  9. ^ Head, J. et al.  2005.  Tropical to mid-latitude snow and ice accumulation, flow and glaciation on Mars.  Nature: 434. 346-350
  10. ^ Mars' climate in flux: Mid-latitude glaciers | Mars Today - Your Daily Source of Mars News
  11. ^ Glaciers Reveal Martian Climate Has Been Recently Active | Brown University News and Events. [2020-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-12). 
  12. ^ Plaut, J. et al.  2008. Radar Evidence for Ice in Lobate Debris Aprons in the Mid-Northern Latitudes of Mars. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX.  2290.pdf
  13. ^ Holt, J. et al.  2008. Radar Sounding Evidence for Ice within Lobate Debris Aprons near Hellas Basin, Mid-Southern Latitudes of Mars.  Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX.  2441.pdf
  14. ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2020-11-06]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-03-20). 
  15. ^ Head, J., et al.  2006.  Modification of the dichotomy boundary on Mars by Amazonian mid-latitude regional glaciation.  GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 33, L08S03, doi:10.1029/2005GL024360.
  16. ^ Denton, C., J. Head.  2018. MAPPING THE FRETTED TERRAIN NORTH OF ARABIA TERRA, MARS: RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DICHOTOMY BOUNDARY EVOLUTION.  49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083).  1597.pdf
  17. ^ ESA - Mars Express - Breathtaking views of Deuteronilus Mensae on Mars. [2020-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-18). 
  18. ^ Madeleine, J. et al. 2007.  Mars:  A proposed climatic scenario for northern mid-latitude glaciation.  Lunar Planet. Sci. 38.  Abstract 1778.
  19. ^ Madeleine, J. et al.  2009.  Amazonian northern mid-latitude glaciation on Mars:  A proposed climate scenario.  Icarus: 203. 300-405.
  20. ^ Mischna, M. et al.  2003.  On the orbital forcing of martian water and CO2 cycles:  A general circulation model study with simplified volatile schemes.  J. Geophys. Res.  108. (E6).  5062.
  21. ^ Barlow, N.  2008.  Mars:  An Introduction to its Interior, Surface and Atmosphere.  Cambridge University Press.  ISBN 978-0-521-85226-5
  22. ^ HiRISE | Dissected Mantled Terrain (PSP_002917_2175). [2020-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-21). 
  23. ^ HiRISE | Fretted Terrain Valley Traverse (PSP_009719_2230). [2020-11-06]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-13). 

Read other articles:

Mgr.Carlos Filipe Ximenes BeloS.D.B.Administrator Apostolik Emeritus DiliGerejaGereja Katolik RomaTakhtaKeuskupan DiliAwal masa jabatan21 Maret 1988PendahuluMartinho da Costa LopesPenerusBasílio do NascimentoImamatTahbisan imam26 Juni 1980(43 tahun, 278 hari)oleh José Policarpo[2]Tahbisan uskup19 Juni 1988oleh Francesco Canalini, FX Hadisumarta, O.Carm, dan Donatus Djagom, S.V.D.[1]Informasi pribadiLahir3 Februari 1948 (umur 76) Vemasse, Baucau, Timo...

 

All-male traditional Catholic religious community located in Colorado Springs Servants of the Holy Family(Servi Sanctae Familiae)AbbreviationS.S.F. (Latin); SHF (English)FormationFeast of the Holy Family (January 9, 1977)TypePrivate religious community for menPurposeSanctification through the traditional Latin MassLocation8528 Kenosha Drive, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80908, USAWebsitewww.servi.org Servants of the Holy Family (S.S.F. from Latin: Servi Sanctae Familiae) is a semi-contemplative...

 

Former airline of Brazil Panair do Brasil IATA ICAO Callsign PB PAB BANDEIRANTE Founded1929 as NYRBA do Brasil1930 as Panair do BrasilCommenced operations1930Ceased operations1965HubsRio de Janeiro – Galeão AirportRio de Janeiro – Santos Dumont AirportFleet size24 (at the time of the shutdown)Destinations60 locations in Brazil (41 of them in the Amazon region) and 16 abroad, as of May 1964Parent companyNYRBA (1929–1930)Pan American World Airways (1930–1961) Planejamento e Administra�...

Professional organization in aviation, space, hyperbaric and environmental medicine Aerospace Medical AssociationFormation1929TypeProfessional AssociationHeadquartersAlexandria, VirginiaLocationUnited StatesMembership 2,000 as of 2017Official language EnglishPresidentValerie Martindale, PhD, CAsP, FAsMA (2017–18) alejandraExecutive DirectorJeffrey Sventek, MS, CAsP, FAsMA, FRAeSPublicationAerospace Medicine and Human Performance (since 2015) Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (1975...

 

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Обрезание (значения). Эта статья или раздел нуждается в переработке.Пожалуйста, улучшите статью в соответствии с правилами написания статей. Схема операции обрезания Сравнение необрезанного и обрезанного половых членов �...

 

1979 hit song recorded by the American rock band Styx RenegadeSingle by Styxfrom the album Pieces of Eight B-sideSing for the DayReleasedMarch 1979 (US) [1]Recorded1978GenreRockLength4:15LabelA&MSongwriter(s)Tommy ShawProducer(s)StyxStyx singles chronology Sing for the Day (1979) Renegade (1979) Babe (1979) Red vinyl pressingLimited edition release Renegade is a 1979 hit song recorded by the American rock band Styx on their Pieces of Eight album. Although songwriter Tommy Shaw and...

Fortified rocky hill, the acropolis of the ancient city of Corinth, Greece The walled gates of Acrocorinth, as rebuilt by the Venetians. Acrocorinth, looking north towards the Gulf of Corinth. Acrocorinth (Greek: Ακροκόρινθος, lit. 'Upper Corinth' or 'the acropolis of ancient Corinth') is a monolithic rock overlooking the ancient city of Corinth, Greece. In the estimation of George Forrest, It is the most impressive of the acropolis of mainland Greece.[1] With its secure w...

 

Bill Brock 18º Segretario del LavoroDurata mandato29 aprile 1985 –31 ottobre 1987 PresidenteRonald Reagan PredecessoreRaymond J. Donovan SuccessoreAnn McLaughlin Korologos 8º Rappresentante per il Commercio degli Stati Uniti d'AmericaDurata mandato23 gennaio 1981 –29 aprile 1985 PresidenteRonald Reagan PredecessoreReubin Askew SuccessoreClayton K. Yeutter Senatore degli Stati Uniti per il TennesseeDurata mandato3 gennaio 1971 –3 gennaio 1977 P...

 

1982 greatest hits album by Three Dog NightThe Best of 3 Dog NightGreatest hits album by Three Dog NightReleased1982GenrePoprockLength67:18LabelMCAProducerRichard PodolorGabriel MeklerJimmy IennerCompilerVince CosgraveThree Dog Night chronology American Pastime(1976) The Best of 3 Dog Night(1982) It's a Jungle(1983) The Best of 3 Dog Night is the fifteenth album by the American rock band, Three Dog Night and is a double album released in 1982. It was certified Gold by the RIAA on May ...

Building in Oxford, England H B Allen CentreThe courtyard of the H B Allen CentreGeneral informationAddress25 Banbury RoadTown or cityOxfordCountryUnited KingdomCoordinates51°45′39″N 1°15′39″W / 51.76097°N 1.26091°W / 51.76097; -1.26091Opened3 October 2019Design and constructionArchitect(s)Rick MatherArchitecture firmMICA The H B Allen Centre is the graduate centre of Keble College, one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. Ba...

 

NGC 6118   مراقبة البيانات (J2000 حقبة) الكوكبة الحية رمز الفهرس NGC 6118 (الفهرس العام الجديد)IRAS 16192-0209 (IRAS)GSC 05038-00765 (دليل النجم المفهرس)PGC 57924 (فهرس المجرات الرئيسية)2MASX J16214862-0217003 (Two Micron All-Sky Survey, Extended source catalogue)IRAS 16192-0210 (IRAS)MCG+00-42-002 (فهرس المجرات الموروفولوجي)UGC 10350 (فهرس أوبسالا العام)IRAS...

 

The Russian team at the 2016 Olympics Svetlana Khorkina Gymnastics events have been staged at the Olympic Games since 1896[1] with Russian female gymnasts having participated in every Olympic Games since 1996. A total of 32 female artistic gymnasts have represented Russia or the Russian Olympic Committee and they have won 27 medals,[2] including a team gold in 2020.[3] As a team Russia has won one gold, three silvers, and one bronze.[4] The most decorated Russ...

Pour l’article homonyme, voir Siège de Saint-Jean-d'Acre. Siège de Saint-Jean-d'Acre (1799) Vue aérienne du Vieux Acre qui n'a pas beaucoup changé depuis 1799. Informations générales Date 20 mars - 21 mai 1799 Lieu Saint-Jean-d'Acre actuellement Acre (Israël) Issue Victoire ottomane Belligérants  République française Empire ottoman  Grande-Bretagne Commandants Napoléon Bonaparte Djezzar Pacha William Sidney Smith Antoine Le Picard de Phélippeaux Forces en présence 13...

 

2011 single by James Blake Lindisfarne / UnluckSingle by James Blakefrom the album James Blake Released16 June 2011[1]Recorded2010GenreElectronica, experimental, art popLength6:54LabelPolydor RecordsSongwriter(s)James Blake, Rob McAndrewsProducer(s)James BlakeJames Blake singles chronology The Wilhelm Scream (2011) Lindisfarne / Unluck (2011) Order / Pan (2011) Lindisfarne / Unluck is a double A-side single by English dubstep producer and singer-songwriter James Blake, released as the...

 

1643–1653 English church reform council This painting by John Rogers Herbert depicts a particularly controversial speech before the Assembly by Philip Nye against presbyterian church government.[1] Part of a series on theHistory of the Church of EnglandWestminster Abbey (1749) by Canaletto Middle Ages (597–1500)Anglo-Saxon ChristianityReligion in Medieval EnglandConvocations of Canterbury and YorkDevelopment of dioceses Reformation (1509–1559)Reformation ParliamentDissolution of...

Graduate school of Divine Mercy University in Arlington, Virginia, USA Institute for the Psychological SciencesTypeGraduateEstablished1999Parent institutionDivine Mercy UniversityPresidentRev. Charles Sikorsky, L.C., J.D., J.C.L.Academic staff17Administrative staff15Postgraduates160Address45154 Underwood Ln, Sterling, Virginia, U.S.CampusUrbanAffiliationsRoman Catholic ChurchWebsitedivinemercy.edu/ips/ The Institute for the Psychological Sciences (IPS) is a graduate school of psychology and a...

 

Sigmund Freud, padre della psicoanalisi La psicoanalisi o psicanalisi[1] (da psico-, psiche, anima, più comunemente mente, e -analisi: analisi della mente) è la teoria dell'inconscio della psiche umana su cui si fondano una disciplina, nota come psicodinamica, e una relativa prassi psicoterapeutica, che hanno preso l'avvio dal lavoro di Sigmund Freud[2], il quale si inserì nel solco dei lavori di Jean-Martin Charcot e Pierre Janet.[3] In primis la teoria psicoanalit...

 

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع الخط الأخضر (توضيح). الخط الأخضر يشار به أيضا إلى خط تقسيم في بيروت أثناء الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية بين عامي 1975 و1990، وذلك كفاصل بين شرق بيروت وغربها حيث كانا يخضعان للأطراف المتصارعة، وسمي بالخط الأخضر لنمو الحشائش الخضراء في المنطقة غير المأهولة بال...

 Giro di Lombardia 2009Il percorsoEdizione103ª Data17 ottobre PartenzaVarese ArrivoComo Percorso242 km Tempo5h43'45 Media42,277 km/h Valida perCalendario mondiale UCI 2009 Ordine d'arrivoPrimo Philippe Gilbert Secondo Samuel Sánchez Terzo Aleksandr Kolobnev Cronologia Edizione precedenteEdizione successiva Giro di Lombardia 2008Giro di Lombardia 2010 Manuale Il Giro di Lombardia 2009, centotreesima edizione della classica delle foglie morte, si è corso il 17 ottobre 2009 per un p...

 

برايان كلوف (بالإنجليزية: Brian Clough)‏  كلوف كمدرب لنوتينغهام فورست في 1980 معلومات شخصية الاسم الكامل برايان هاورد كلوف الميلاد 21 مارس 1935(1935-03-21)ميدلزبرة، نورث رايدنغ أوف يوركشاير, إنجلترا الوفاة 20 سبتمبر 2004 (عن عمر ناهز 69 عاماً)دربي، ديربيشاير, إنجلترا سبب الوفاة سرطان ال�...