十六羅漢(或稱十六阿羅漢、十六尊者)是釋迦牟尼佛的得道弟子。佛經只有列出十六羅漢,並無十八羅漢,但中國民間附加了兩位。首十六羅漢的名字早有佛經所載,但附加的兩位「罗汉」仍存不同說法。
十八羅漢是由十六羅漢演變而成。據師子國高僧慶友(難提蜜多羅,Nandimitra)《大阿羅漢難提蜜多羅所說法住記》所載[1],佛陀臨涅槃時,所囑咐到世間弘揚佛法、利益眾生的是十六羅漢。《法住記》也記載了十六羅漢的姓名。《入大乘論》[2]、《釋迦氏譜》[3]、《彌勒下生經》[4]等均提出了類似的說法。至於演變為十八羅漢的原因來源很多,其中一說指古代中國人認為“9”為吉祥數字,到唐朝以後才在十六羅漢加了兩個尊者,湊成了十八羅漢。另一說推測,後人可能是將慶友尊者與玄奘也當作羅漢。流存至今的最後兩位羅漢,出現原因和身份說法很多,已難以考證。
十八羅漢【最後兩位羅漢】之釐訂,現時仍没有什麼經典的根據。一般推斷【十八羅漢之出現時期】,乃根據【最早提及】【十八羅漢畫像】的【文獻】《【東坡文集】》和【相關畫像】。據《東坡文集》描述,北宋【蘇軾】曾得一幅前蜀簡州金水【張玄】畫的“十八羅漢圖”,因而題了【十八首贊】《【十八大阿羅漢頌 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)】》,但沒有列出十八羅漢的名字。第二次描述見於《東坡文集》續集十,蘇軾於清遠峽寶林寺見貫休畫的“十八阿羅漢圖”,再作詩題贊《自海南過清遠峽寶林寺敬贊禪月所畫十八大阿羅漢》且標出了羅漢名字。蘇軾所記的第十七和第十八羅漢,分別是慶友尊者和賓頭盧尊者(十六羅漢之一【賓度羅跋囉墮闍】的重複)。按蘇軾所見的繪畫作品推斷,畫家所處的唐末至五代十國時期,已出現了十八羅漢之說。
到宋代、元代後,十八羅漢之說已廣泛流行於中國民間,連中國古典神魔小說《西遊記》也出現「十八羅漢鬥悟空」的故事。不過,宋代志磐撰《佛祖統記》認為,【賓頭盧尊者】為重複充數,【慶友尊者】是《法住記》作者,故排除了兩者。《佛祖統記》指,以正當名份受佛陀囑咐的最後兩位羅漢應該是【迦葉尊者】和【君徒般歎尊者】。【清朝】的《秘殿珠林續编》中,乾隆題頌最後兩位羅漢【降龍羅漢】是【迦葉尊者】、【伏虎羅漢】是【彌勒尊者】,並由章嘉呼图克图所考定。
藏傳佛教主要是讲十六羅漢;但在一些地區也有十八羅漢的說法,相傳是從中土傳入的,最後兩位指的是達摩多羅(法增)居士和布袋和尚。
中國的十八羅漢是由十六羅漢加上兩位羅漢,傳聞十八羅漢乃乾隆所欽定,但實際上明朝《西遊記》小說中已經出現十八羅漢。分別是:
另有一種說法(內含【四大聲聞】):
拂塵羅漢
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