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Filosofia do despotismo oriental refere-se a ideologias políticas na Ásia que aderiram às políticas de extrema direita, que ganharam popularidade em muitos países da região a partir da década de 1930 comparativamente as democracias ocidentais^[1]^[2] por causa da economia monopolista de escala.^[3] As teorias materialistas e ecológicas no despotismo oriental influenciaram antropólogos ecológicos e historiadores da economia global, embora alguns deles tenham encontrado falhas em sua metodologia e base empírica ou questionado os motivos políticos de Wittfogel.^[4] Wittfogel, que foi educado em centros alemães de sinologia e ingressou no Partido Comunista Alemão em 1920, estava insatisfeito com o debate sobre o modo de produção asiático (AMP) que remontava a Montesquieu e Hegel.^[5] A Europa moderna, na formulação clássica de Marx, foi criada pelo conflito entre as classes burguesas e capitalistas industriais emergentes, de um lado, e o Antigo Regime de economia feudal, de outro.^[1] Shmuel Eisenstadt considera esse teoria orientalista conforme também descreveu Edward Said.^[6]

Irã

SUMKA copiou não só a ideologia do Partido Nacional-Socialista dos Trabalhadores Alemães mas também o estilo daquele grupo, adotando a suástica, a camisa preta e a saudação do chefe enquanto Monshizadeh até buscava cultivar uma aparência semelhante à de Adolf Hitler.^[7] Também existe o MEK que é descrito como totalitário pela mídia ocidental.^[8]

Israel

Maximalismo Revisionista

Achimeir era um fascista que se autodenominava que escreveu uma série de artigos em 1928 intitulada "Do Diário de um Fascista".^[9] Achimeir rejeitou o humanismo, o liberalismo e o socialismo ; condenou os sionistas liberais por trabalharem apenas para judeus de classe média; e afirmou a necessidade de um integralista, "nacionalismo puro" semelhante ao da Itália fascista sob Benito Mussolini.^[10] Achimeir recusou-se a fazer parte de coalizões reformistas sionistas e insistiu que apoiaria apenas sionistas revolucionários que estivessem dispostos a usar a violência.^[11]

Líbano

Em 1936, o Partido Kataeb foi fundado por Pierre Gemayel e este grupo também se inspirou nos fascistas europeus, também usando a saudação romana e um uniforme de camisa marrom.^[12] Este grupo também defendia um forte senso de nacionalismo libanês e um culto de liderança, mas não apoiava o totalitarismo e, como resultado, não podia ser caracterizado como totalmente fascista.^[13]^[14]

Síria

O Partido Nacionalista Social Sírio foi fundado em 1932 por Antun Saadeh com o objetivo de restaurar a independência da Síria da França e assumir a liderança do fascismo.^[15]^[16] Este grupo também usou a saudação nacional-socialista e um símbolo semelhante à suástica^[17]^[18]^[19] enquanto Saadeh tomou emprestados elementos da ideologia nacional-socialista, notadamente o culto à personalidade e o anseio por uma idade de ouro mítica e racialmente pura.^[20] Um grupo de jovens, baseado no modelo da Juventude Hitlerista, também foi organizado.^[21]

O Estado Islâmico se encaixa também na maioria das definições de totalitárismo.^[22]

Bibliografia

Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Chinas, Versuch der wissenschaftlichen Analyse einer großen asiatischen Agrargesellschaft, Hirschfeld, Leipzig, 1931, XXIV, 767 P. (=Schriften des Instituts für Sozialforschung der Universität Frankfurt am Main, No. 3)
—— (1936). «Key Economic Areas in Chinese History (Review)». Pacific Affairs. 9 (3): 449–450. JSTOR 2750659. doi:10.2307/2750659
—— (1938). «New Light on Chinese Society: An Investigation of China's Socio-Economic Structure». NY: International secretariat Institute of Pacific relations
with Jiasheng Feng (1949). History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, with the cooperation of the American Institute of Pacific Relations
—— (1955). «Oriental Society in Transition with Special Reference to Pre-Communist and Communist China». The Far Eastern Quarterly. 14 (4): 469–478. JSTOR 2941830. doi:10.2307/2941830
—— (1956–1957). «Chinese Society: A Historical Survey». Journal of Asian Studies. 16 (3): 343–364. JSTOR 2941230. doi:10.2307/2941230
—— (1957). Oriental Despotism; a Comparative Study of Total Power. New Haven: Yale University Press – via Internet Archive
—— (1958). «(Review) Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China». American Anthropologist. 60 (2): 398–400. JSTOR 665188. doi:10.1525/aa.1958.60.2.02a00320
—— (1960). «A Stronger Oriental Despotism». The China Quarterly (1): 29–34. JSTOR 763342
—— (1969). «Results and Problems of the Study of Oriental Despotism». Journal of Asian Studies. 38 (2): 357–365. JSTOR 2943008. doi:10.2307/2943008
Eberhard, Wolfram (1958). «Review of Oriental Despotism: A Comparative Study of Total Power by Karl A. Wittfogel». American Sociological Review. 23 (4): 446–448. JSTOR 2088810. doi:10.2307/2088810
Eisenstadt, Shmmuel Noah (1958). «(Review Article) the Study of Oriental Depotisms as Systems of Total Power». Journal of Asian Studies. 17 (3): 435–446. JSTOR 2941426. doi:10.2307/2941426
Jones, Stephen B. (1958). «Oriental Despotism (Review)». Geographical Review. 48 (2): 306–308. JSTOR 212153. doi:10.2307/212153
Mote, Frederick W. (1961). «The Growth of Chinese Despotism: A Critique of Wittfogel's Theory of Oriental Despotism as Applied to China». Oriens Extremus. 8 (1): 1–41. JSTOR 43382295
Needham, Joseph (1959). «(Review) Oriental Despotism». Science and Society. 23 (1): 58–65. JSTOR 40400613
Palerm, Angel (1958). «Review». American Antiquity. 23 (4): 440–441. JSTOR 276500. doi:10.2307/276500
Pulleyblank, E.G. (1958), «Review of K.A. Wittfogel (1957)», Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 21 (3): 657–660, doi:10.1017/s0041977x0006047x
Sherman, A. V. (1959). January 1. «(Review) Oriental Despotism». Commentary
Toynbee, Arnold J. (1958), «Review of Oriental Despotism», The American Political Science Review, 52 (1)
Venturi, Franco (1968). «Oriental Despotism». Journal of the History of Ideas. 24 (1): 133–142. JSTOR 2707864. doi:10.2307/2707864
Anderson, Perry (1979). Lineages of the Absolutist State. London; New York: Verso Editions. ISBN 978-0860917106
Abrahamian, Ervand (1974). «Oriental Despotism: The Case of Qajar Iran». International Journal of Middle East Studies. 5 (1): 3–31. doi:10.1017/S0020743800032761
Blaut, James M. (1993). The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 978-0898623499 Verifique o valor de |url-access=registration (ajuda)
Blue, Gregory (2000). China and the Writing of World History in the West (PDF). (Conference paper) XIXth International Congress of Historical Sciences. Oslo
Brook, Timothy (1989). The Asiatic Mode of Production in China. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0873325424 Verifique o valor de |url-access=registration (ajuda)
Chi, Chʻao-ting (1936). Key Economic Areas in Chinese History, as Revealed in the Development of Public Works for Water-Control. New York: Columbia University Press
Eisenstadt, Shmmuel Noah (2003), «Civil Society, Public Sphere, The Myth of Oriental Despotism and Political Dynamic in Islamic Societies», Comparative Civlizations and Multitple Modernitities Pt. 1, Leiden: Brill, pp. 418–434
Hsiao, Kung-ch'üan (1967). Rural China: Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century. Seattle: University of Washington Press
Karl, Rebecca E. (2017), The Magic of Concepts : History and the Economic in Twentieth-Century China, Durham: Duke University Press , Ch 2, "Thr Economic and the State: The Asiatic Mode of Production."
Masubuchi, Tatsuo (1966). «Wittfogel's Theory of Oriental Society (or Hydraulic Society) and the Development of Studies of Chinese Social and Economic History in Japan» (PDF). The Developing Economies. 4 (3): 316–326. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1049.1966.tb00481.x
Offner, Jerome A. (1981). «On the Inapplicability of" Oriental Despotism" and the" Asiatic Mode of Production" to the Aztecs of Texcoco». American Antiquity. 46 (1): 43–61. JSTOR 279985. doi:10.2307/279985
Price, David (2013). «Karl Wittfogel». In: McGee, R. Jon; Warms, Richard L. Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. pp. 935–936
Robbins, Paul (2010). Political Ecology : A Critical Introduction. [S.l.]: Wiley. ISBN 9780470657324
Rowe, William T. (1985). «Chinese Social History». In: Zunz, Olivier. Reliving the Past: The Worlds of Social History. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 236–294. ISBN 978-0807816585
Rubiés, Joan-Pau (2005). «Oriental Despotism and European Orientalism: Botero to Montesquieu». Journal of Early Modern History. 9 (1–2): 109–180. doi:10.1163/1570065054300275
Stanziani, Alessandro (2014). After Oriental Despotism: Eurasian Growth in a Global Perspective. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1472523532
Tambiah, Stanley Jayaraja (2002). «'Hydraulic Society in Ceylon': Contesting Wittfogel's Thesis and Sri Lankan Mytho-history». Edmund Leach: An Anthropological Life. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. pp. 210–234. ISBN 9780521521024
Ulmen, G. L. (1978). The Science of Society: Toward an Understanding of the Life and Work of Karl August Wittfogel. The Hague; New York: Mouton. ISBN 978-9027977663

Ligações externas

David Cosandey, "Karl Wittfogel (1896-1988)," The Rise of the West
"Oriental Despotism" by Rolando Minuti Published: 2012-05-03
Marxist Geopolitics: Oriental Despotism A Comparative Study of Total Power

Ver também

Referências

↑ ^a ^b Stanziani, Alessandro (31 de julho de 2014). After Oriental Despotism: Eurasian Growth in a Global Perspective (em inglês). [S.l.]: A&C Black
↑ Thomas David DuBois (25 de abril de 2011), Religion and the Making of Modern East Asia, ISBN 978-1-139-49946-0, Cambridge University Press, pp. 176–
↑ Chi, Chʻao-ting (1936). Key Economic Areas in Chinese History, as Revealed in the Development of Public Works for Water-Control. New York: Columbia University Press
↑ Robbins, Paul (12 de dezembro de 2011). Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction (em inglês). [S.l.]: John Wiley & Sons
↑ For essays and readings on the AMP, see Bailey, Anne M.; Llobera, Josep R. (1981). The Asiatic Mode of Production: Science and Politics. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780429855344
↑ Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah (2003). Comparative civilizations and multiple modernities. 1(2003) (em inglês). [S.l.]: BRILL
↑ Hussein Fardust, The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty: Memoirs of Former General Hussein, p. 62
↑ Rubin, Elizabeth (13 de agosto de 2011). «An Iranian Cult and Its American Friends». The New York Times (em inglês). ISSN 0362-4331. Consultado em 26 de maio de 2021
↑ Kaplan, Eran (2005). The Jewish Radical Right. [S.l.]: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299203801
↑ Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). Fascism Outside of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-88033-988-8. pp. 364-365.
↑ Larsen, p. 377.
↑ Fisk, Robert (7 de agosto de 2007). «Lebanese strike a blow at US-backed government». The Independent. Consultado em 10 de abril de 2009
↑ Reich, Bernard (1990). Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa: a biographical dictionary. [S.l.]: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 203–204 / 557. ISBN 9780313262135
↑ Entelis, John Pierre (1974). Pluralism and party transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kataʼib, 1936-1970. Col: Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East. 10. [S.l.]: Brill. pp. 45 / 227. ISBN 9789004039117
↑ Simon, Reeva S. (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East. [S.l.]: Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0028960114. The Syrian Social Nationalist party (SSNP) was the brainchild of Antun Sa'ada, a Greek Orthodox Lebanese who was inspired by Nazi and fascist ideologies.
↑ «Could a 'Nazi' Party Soon Rule Syria?». www.yahoo.com (em inglês). Consultado em 26 de maio de 2021
↑ Ya’ari, Ehud (junho de 1987). «Behind the Terror». Atlantic Monthly. [The SSNP] greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria", to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular motion.
↑ Pipes, Daniel (1992). Greater Syria. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195060229. The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane (zawba'a), points to the party's fascistic origins.
↑ Rolland, John C. (2003). Lebanon. [S.l.]: Nova Publishers. ISBN 1590338715. [The SSNP's] red hurricane symbol was modeled after the Nazi swastika.
↑ Johnson, Michael (2001). All Honourable Men. [S.l.]: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1860647154. Saadeh, the party's 'leader for life', was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and influenced by Nazi and fascist ideology. This went beyond adopting a reversed swastika as the party's symbol and singing the party's anthem to Deutschland über alles, and included developing the cult of a leader, advocating totalitarian government, and glorifying an ancient pre-Christian past and the organic whole of the Syrian Volk or nation.
↑ Becker, Jillian (1984). The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization. [S.l.]: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297785478. [The SSNP] had been founded in 1932 as a youth movement, deliberately modeled on Hitler's Nazi Party. For its symbol it invented a curved swastika, called the Zawbah.
↑ «'Islamofascism': Four Competing Discourses on the Islamism-Fascism Comparison». brill. Consultado em 18 de março de 2021

[Não_nomeado-xrbB-1-1] Stanziani, Alessandro (31 de julho de 2014). After Oriental Despotism: Eurasian Growth in a Global Perspective (em inglês). [S.l.]: A&C Black

[DuBois2011-2] Thomas David DuBois (25 de abril de 2011), Religion and the Making of Modern East Asia, ISBN 978-1-139-49946-0, Cambridge University Press, pp. 176–

[3] Chi, Chʻao-ting (1936). Key Economic Areas in Chinese History, as Revealed in the Development of Public Works for Water-Control. New York: Columbia University Press

[4] Robbins, Paul (12 de dezembro de 2011). Political Ecology: A Critical Introduction (em inglês). [S.l.]: John Wiley & Sons

[5] For essays and readings on the AMP, see Bailey, Anne M.; Llobera, Josep R. (1981). The Asiatic Mode of Production: Science and Politics. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780429855344

[6] Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah (2003). Comparative civilizations and multiple modernities. 1(2003) (em inglês). [S.l.]: BRILL

[Fardust-7] Hussein Fardust, The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty: Memoirs of Former General Hussein, p. 62

[8] Rubin, Elizabeth (13 de agosto de 2011). «An Iranian Cult and Its American Friends». The New York Times (em inglês). ISSN 0362-4331. Consultado em 26 de maio de 2021

[Kaplan15-9] Kaplan, Eran (2005). The Jewish Radical Right. [S.l.]: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0299203801

[10] Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). Fascism Outside of Europe. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-88033-988-8. pp. 364-365.

[Larsen,_p377-11] Larsen, p. 377.

[12] Fisk, Robert (7 de agosto de 2007). «Lebanese strike a blow at US-backed government». The Independent. Consultado em 10 de abril de 2009

[BR-13] Reich, Bernard (1990). Political leaders of the contemporary Middle East and North Africa: a biographical dictionary. [S.l.]: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 203–204 / 557. ISBN 9780313262135

[JPE-14] Entelis, John Pierre (1974). Pluralism and party transformation in Lebanon: Al-Kataʼib, 1936-1970. Col: Social, economic, and political studies of the Middle East. 10. [S.l.]: Brill. pp. 45 / 227. ISBN 9789004039117

[Simon1996-15] Simon, Reeva S. (1996). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East. [S.l.]: Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 0028960114. The Syrian Social Nationalist party (SSNP) was the brainchild of Antun Sa'ada, a Greek Orthodox Lebanese who was inspired by Nazi and fascist ideologies.

[16] «Could a 'Nazi' Party Soon Rule Syria?». www.yahoo.com (em inglês). Consultado em 26 de maio de 2021

[am1987-17] Ya’ari, Ehud (junho de 1987). «Behind the Terror». Atlantic Monthly. [The SSNP] greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria", to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular motion.

[pipes1992-18] Pipes, Daniel (1992). Greater Syria. [S.l.]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195060229. The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane (zawba'a), points to the party's fascistic origins.

[rolland2003-19] Rolland, John C. (2003). Lebanon. [S.l.]: Nova Publishers. ISBN 1590338715. [The SSNP's] red hurricane symbol was modeled after the Nazi swastika.

[johnson2001-20] Johnson, Michael (2001). All Honourable Men. [S.l.]: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 1860647154. Saadeh, the party's 'leader for life', was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and influenced by Nazi and fascist ideology. This went beyond adopting a reversed swastika as the party's symbol and singing the party's anthem to Deutschland über alles, and included developing the cult of a leader, advocating totalitarian government, and glorifying an ancient pre-Christian past and the organic whole of the Syrian Volk or nation.

[becker1984-21] Becker, Jillian (1984). The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization. [S.l.]: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0297785478. [The SSNP] had been founded in 1932 as a youth movement, deliberately modeled on Hitler's Nazi Party. For its symbol it invented a curved swastika, called the Zawbah.

[22] «'Islamofascism': Four Competing Discourses on the Islamism-Fascism Comparison». brill. Consultado em 18 de março de 2021

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PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Filosofia do despotismo oriental

Irã

Israel

Maximalismo Revisionista

Líbano

Síria

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Ver também

Referências

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