Pseudofilosofia

Pseudofilosofia consiste em deliberações que se disfarçam de filosóficas, mas são ineptas, incompetentes, deficientes em seriedade intelectual e refletem um compromisso insuficiente com a busca da verdade.[1]

Definições

O termo "pseudociência" já foi usado contra muitos alvos diferentes, incluindo:

Segundo Christopher Heumann, a pseudofilosofia tem seis características:[28]

  1. A preferência por especulações inúteis;
  2. Apela apenas à autoridade humana;
  3. Apelo à tradição em vez da razão;
  4. Sincretiza filosofia com superstição;
  5. Tem preferência por linguagem e simbolismo obscuros e enigmáticos;
  6. É imoral.

De acordo com Michael Oakeshott, pseudofilosofia "é o teorizar que procede parcialmente dentro e parcialmente fora de um determinado modo de investigação".[29]

Josef Pieper observou que não pode haver um sistema fechado de filosofia e que qualquer filosofia que afirma ter descoberto uma "fórmula cósmica" é uma pseudofilosofia.[7] Nisso, ele segue Kant, que rejeitou a postulação de um "princípio mais alto" a partir do qual desenvolve o idealismo transcendental, chamando isso de pseudofilosofia e misticismo.[4]

Nicholas Rescher, no The Oxford Companion to Philosophy acrescenta que o termo é particularmente apropriado quando aplicado a "aqueles que usam os recursos da razão para substanciar a alegação de que a racionalidade é inatingível em questões de investigação".[1]

História

O termo foi usado pela primeira vez no século 16 pelo humanista Mario Nizolio, que em 1553 publicou a obra De veris prinicpiis et vera ratioone philosophandi contra pseudophilosophos; essa fonte foi considerada tão importante por seu admirador Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz que Leibniz a relançou em 1670 sob o nome "Antibarbarus Philosophicus".[30]

Ernest Newman, um crítico de música inglês e musicólogo, que visava a objetividade intelectual em seu estilo de crítica, em contraste com a abordagem mais subjetiva de outros críticos, publicou em 1897 Pseudo-Philosophy at the End of the Nineteenth Century, uma crítica da escrita imprecisa e subjetiva.

Segundo Josef Pieper, para Pitágoras, a filosofia de Platão e Aristóteles é a busca humana "orientada para sabedoria tal como Deus a possui".[7] Sugere que a filosofia inclua, em sua essência, uma orientação para a teologia.[7] Pieper diz:

Algo está sendo expresso aqui que contradiz claramente o que na era moderna se tornou a noção aceita de filosofia; pois essa nova concepção de filosofia pressupõe que se desvencilhar da teologia, da fé e da tradição são uma característica decisiva do pensamento filosófico.[7]

Notas

Ver também

Referências

  1. a b Honderich 1995, p. 765.
  2. Kearney & Rainwater 1996, p. 60.
  3. Taylor & Kelly 2013, p. 116-117.
  4. a b c Baur & Dahlstrom 1999, p. 37.
  5. Nichols 1997, p. 326.
  6. Inglis 1998, p. 31, 34-35.
  7. a b c d e f Pieper 2006.
  8. a b c d Bunge 2010, p. 260.
  9. Schopenhauer 1965, p. 15-16.
  10. a b Soccio 2011, p. 497.
  11. a b Kritzman & Reilly 2007, p. 368.
  12. Von Hildebrand 1960, p. 7.
  13. Fletcher Luther, Neumaier & Parsons 1995, p. 70.
  14. Kolinsky & Paterson 1976, p. 79.
  15. Wiener 2010, p. 76.
  16. Lepenies 2009, p. 110.
  17. Shermer, Michael (1993). «The unlikeliest cult in history». Skeptic. 2 (2): 74–81 
  18. Chait, Jonathan (25 de abril de 2011). «Ayn Rand's Pseudo-Philosophy». The New Republic. Consultado em 5 de julho de 2013 
  19. Clark, Leslie (17 de fevereiro de 2007). «The philosophical art of looking out number one». The Herald. Consultado em 2 de abril de 2010 
  20. Bunge 2012, pp. 10–11.
  21. Adler & Pouwels 2010, p. 545.
  22. Pigliucci & Boudry 2013, p. 206–207, 321–340.
  23. Pigliucci & Boudry 2013, p. 91.
  24. Clarke 1992, p. 4.
  25. a b McGrath 2006, p. 49.
  26. Clark 2013, p. 26.
  27. Irwin & Gracia 2007, p. 48.
  28. Hanegraaf 2012, p. 131-134.
  29. Nardin 2001.
  30. Garin 2008.

2

Fontes

  • Adler, Philip J.; Pouwels, Randall Lee (2010), World Civilizations vol. 2: Since 1500: Since 1500, Volume 2, Cengage Learning 
  • Baur, Michael; Dahlstrom, Daniel O. (1999), The Emergence of German Idealism, ISBN 978-0-8132-3050-4, CUA Press 
  • Bunge, Mario (2010), Matter and Mind: A Philosophical Inquiry, Springer 
  • Bunge, Mario (2012), Evaluating Philosophies, Springer 
  • Christensen, Bruin Carleton (2008), Self and World: From Analytic Philosophy to Phenomenology, Walter de Gruyter 
  • Clark, James M. (2013), The Great German Mystics: Eckhart, Tauler and Suso, Dover Publications 
  • Clarke, John James (1992), In Search of Jung: Historical and Philosophical Enquiries, Routledge 
  • Fletcher Luther, Sara; Neumaier, John J.; Parsons, Howard Lee (1995), Diverse Perspectives on Marxist Philosophy: East and West, Greenwood Publishing Group 
  • Garin, Eugenio (2008), History of Italian Philosophy, ISBN 90-420-2321-X, Rodopi, p. 513 
  • Hackett, Jeremiah (2012), A Companion to Meister Eckhart, Brill 
  • Hanegraaf, Wouter (2012), Esotericism and the Academy: Rejected Knowledge in Western Culture, ISBN 978-0-521-19621-5, Cambridge University Press 
  • Honderich, Ted, ed. (1995), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ISBN 978-0-19-926479-7 (em inglês), Oxford University Press 
  • Inglis, John (1998), Spheres of Philosophical Inquiry and the Historiography of Medieval Philosophy, BRILL 
  • Irwin, William; Gracia, Jorge J.E. (2007), Philosophy and the Interpretation of Popular Culture, Rowman & Littlefield 
  • Johnson, Claudia L.; Tuite, Clara (2011), A Companion to Jane Austen, John Wiley & Sons 
  • Kearney, Richard; Rainwater, Mara (1996), The Continental Philosophy Reader, Routledge 
  • Kolinsky, Martin; Paterson, William Edgar (1976), Social and Political Movements in Western Europe, Taylor & Francis 
  • Kritzman, Lawrence D.; Reilly, Brian J. (2007), The Columbia History Of Twentieth-Century French Thought, Columbia University Press 
  • Lepenies, Wolf (2009), The Seduction of Culture in German History, Princeton University Press 
  • McGinn, Bernard (2001), The Mystical Thought of Meister Eckhart, New York: Crossroad Publishing Company 
  • McGrath, S.J. (2006), The Early Heidegger and Medieval Philosophy: Phenomenology for the Godforsaken, CUA Press 
  • Nardin, Terry (2001), The Philosophy of Michael Oakeshott, ISBN 0-271-02156-X, Penn State Press 
  • Nichols, Aidan (1997), Dominican Gallery: Portrait of a Culture, Gracewing Publishing 
  • Pieper, Josef (1 de janeiro de 2006), For the Love of Wisdom: Essays on the Nature of Philosophy, ISBN 978-1-58617-087-5, Ignatius Press 
  • Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013), Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem, University of Chicago Press 
  • Schopenhauer, Arthur (1965), On the Basis of Morality, Translated by E.F.J.Payne, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill 
  • Soccio, Douglas J. (2011), Archetypes of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy, 8th ed.: An Introduction to Philosophy, Cengage Learning 
  • Taylor, Andrew; Kelly, Áine (2013), Stanley Cavell, Literature, and the Idea of America, Routledge 
  • Tobin, Kenneth G. (2012), The Practice of Constructivism in Science Education, Routledge 
  • Von Hildebrand, Dietrich (1960), What Is Philosophy?, Taylor & Francis 
  • Wiener, Jacob (2010), Time of Terror-Road to Revival: One Person's Story: Growing Up in Germany, Negotiating with Nazis, Rebuilding Life in America, Trafford Publishing 

Ligações externas


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