公衆衛生(こうしゅうえいせい、英: Public health)とは、「社会、組織、公的・私的機関、地域社会、個人の組織的な努力と十分な情報に基づく選択を通じて、疾病を予防し、生命を延長し、健康を促進する科学と芸術」である[1][2]。個体群の健康の決定要因とそれが直面する脅威を分析することが、公衆衛生の基礎となる[3]。公衆は、少人数でも、村や都市全体でもよく、パンデミックの場合は、いくつかの大陸を含むこともある。健康の概念は、身体的、心理的、社会的な幸福を考慮に入れている[1][4]。
歴史的に、公衆衛生キャンペーンは、健康に焦点を当てるのではなく、道徳的な性質を持つ「ヘルシズム」の一形態として批判されてきた。医師のペトル・シュクラバネクとジェームズ・マコーミックは、1980年代後半から1990年代初頭にかけて、この話題に関する一連の出版物を発表し、イギリスの「国民の健康(the Health of The Nation)」キャンペーンを批判した。これらの出版物は、ライフスタイルの介入とスクリーニングプログラムを支持するために、公衆衛生運動による疫学と統計学の乱用を暴露した[23](p85)[24]。健康への恐怖心を植え付けることと個人の責任の強い概念の組み合わせは、感情的または社会的要因を考慮せずに個人を物象化する「健康ファシズム」の一形態として、多くの学者によって批判されている[25](p8)[24](p7)[26](p81)。
予防接種の実践は、天然痘の治療におけるエドワード・ジェンナーの先駆的な業績に続いて、1800年代に始まった。ジェームズ・リンドによる船乗りの間での壊血病の原因の発見と、長距離航海での果物の導入による軽減は、1754年に発表され、この考えが王立海軍に採用されるきっかけとなった[124]。また、より広い公衆に健康問題を周知させる努力もなされた。1752年、イギリスの医師であるジョン・プリングル卿は、『Observations on the Diseases of the Army in Camp and Garrison』を発表し、軍隊の兵舎での適切な換気の重要性と、兵士のための便所(英語版)の設置を提唱した[125]。
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^ ab“What is Public Health”. Centers for Disease Control Foundation. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control. 27 January 2017閲覧。
^What is the WHO definition of health? from the Preamble to the Constitution of WHO as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19 June – 22 July 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of WHO, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. The definition has not been amended since 1948.
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^ abCrook, Tom (2016). Governing systems: modernity and the making of public health in England, 1830–1910. Oakland, California. ISBN978-0-520-96454-9. OCLC930786561
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^Joint Task Group on Public Health Human Resources; Advisory Committee on Health Delivery & Human Resources; Advisory Committee on Population Health & Health Security (2005). Building the public health workforce for the 21st century. Ottawa: Public Health Agency of Canada. OCLC144167975
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Theorem in fluid mechanics Torricelli's law describes the parting speed of a jet of water, based on the distance below the surface at which the jet starts, assuming no air resistance, viscosity, or other hindrance to the fluid flow. This diagram shows several such jets, vertically aligned, leaving the reservoir horizontally. In this case, the jets have an envelope (a concept also due to Torricelli) which is a line descending at 45° from the water's surface over the jets. Each jet reaches far...
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