Bagitto

Bagitto
Parlato inItalia (bandiera) Italia (Livorno)
Tassonomia
FilogenesiLingue indoeuropee
 Italiche
  Romanze
   Italo-occidentali
    Romanze occidentali
     Italo-dalmate
      Giudeo-italiane
       Bagitto

Il bagitto è un dialetto giudeo-italiano utilizzato dagli ebrei in Italia; in Toscana e in Corsica in senso lato, e in senso stretto dalla comunità di Livorno.

Si tratta di un linguaggio misto giudeo-livornese, con una base assai prossima all'italiano, arricchito di componenti toscane, spagnole, portoghesi, ebraiche, arabe e tracce di greco, turco e yiddish, con una produzione anche letteraria che si è prolungata fino agli anni cinquanta del XX secolo.

Per capire questa mescolanza bisogna tener conto che la comunità ebraica di Livorno usava:

  • l'ebraico antico come lingua sacra,
  • il portoghese come lingua ufficiale della comunità (sino all'epoca napoleonica);
  • lo spagnolo sefardita come lingua di testi letterari ed epigrafici;
  • l'italiano, come lingua dei rapporti con la società toscana.

Il bagitto propriamente detto era dunque la forma espressiva degli ebrei livornesi, prevalentemente usato come gergo specializzato nei rapporti interni alla comunità.

In tutto l'ebraismo sefardita sono presenti alcune caratteristiche linguistiche comuni. La base è il castigliano del Cinquecento parlato con un forte accento nasalizzato[1]. Sono frequenti gli scambi di consonanti e di vocali e molto numerosi i prestiti dall'italiano. La parlata giudeo-portoghese, caratteristica della prima comunità ebraica livornese, lasciò relativamente poche tracce a fronte di un prevalere della componente ebraico-spagnola.

La letteratura in bagitto non è ricca, ma significativa. Si ricordano, tra gli ebrei, Cesarino Rossi, Guido Bedarida e Mario della Torre (Meir Migdali); tra i non ebrei (che impiegano il bagitto, o meglio, una sua banalizzazione a scopi di dileggio) Giovanni Guarducci. Con la dispersione della comunità ebraica livornese a seguito degli avvenimenti della seconda guerra mondiale, del bagitto sono rimaste solo poche tracce.

Note

  1. ^ La grande cacciata fu nel 1492, ma i contatti si interruppero definitivamente solo qualche decennio dopo.

Bibliografia

  • Guido Bedarida “Un intermezzo di canzoni antiche”, in La Rassegna Mensile di Israel, a.XIII n.24, 15/3/1928, p. 52-59
  • Angelo Beccani “Contributo alla conoscenza del dialetto degli Ebrei livornesi”, in “L'Italia Dialettale”, vol.XVIII, 1942 pp. 189–202
  • Guido Bedarida “Alla banca di Memo, Il lascito del sor Barocas”, Città di Castello, 1950
  • Guido Bedarida “Ebrei di Livorno - Tradizioni e gergo in 180 sonetti giudaico-livornesi“, Le Monnier, Firenze 1956
  • Guido Bedarida “Il gergo ebraico-livornese”, in “Rivista di Livorno”, 1-2, 1957, pp. 77–89
  • Giuseppe Tavani “Appunti sul giudeoportoghese di Livorno”, in “Annali - sezione romanza”, Napoli 1959, pp. 61–100
  • Giovanna Massariello Merzagora “Giudeoitaliano” Pacini editore, Pisa 1977, pp. 54–61
  • Maria Luisa Modena Mayer “Osservazioni sul tabù linguistico in giudeo-livornese” in “Scritti in memoria di Umberto Nahon – Saggi sull'Ebraismo Italiano”, Fond.S.Mayer-Fond.R.Cantoni, Gerusalemme 1978, pp. 166–179.
  • Paolo Edoardo Fornaciari “Aspetti dell'uso del Bagitto da parte dei Gentili” in “La Rassegna Mensile di Israel”, luglio-agosto 1983, vol.XLIX, pp. 432–454
  • Autori vari “Livorno e il Mediterraneo: la Nazione Ebrea tra Italia, Levante ed Africa del Nord”, in La Rassegna Mensile di Israel, vol.L n.9-12, settembre-dicembre 1984.
  • Guido Bedarida “Il siclo d'argento, Vigilia di sabato” in “Il ghetto in scena – Teatro giudeo-italiano del Novecento – Storia e testi” a cura di Umberto Fortis, Carucci editore, Roma 1989, pp. 197–318
  • Meir Migdali aka Mario Della Torre “Trenta sonetti giudaico-livornesi”, Natania (Israele) 1990
  • Gabriele Bedarida “Tradizioni folcloriche sefardite a Livorno” in “E andammo dove il vento ci spinse” Marietti Genova 1992, pp. 81–102
  • Paolo Edoardo Fornaciari, Fate onore al bel Purim: il bagitto, vernacolo degli ebrei livornesi, Erasmo, 2005.
  • Cees Wagemans “‘Un solo debarìm - La divulgazione attuale del giudeo-parlare livornese, il bagitto” - Rijksuniversiteit Groningen - Tesi di Laurea in Lingue e culture romanze A.accademico 2008-2009
  • Raffaello Ascoli, Gli ebrei venuti a Livorno, Erasmo, 2010.
  • D. Filippi, Per una storia della Comunità ebraica di Livorno. Contributo bibliografico (1706-2019). In "Nuovi studi livornesi", XXV, n-1-2, 2018. Livorno 2019.

Voci correlate

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