Signos máis e menos

+ −
Signos máis e menos
Signos ortográficos
punto ( . )

coma ( , )
punto e coma ( ; )
dous puntos ( : )
puntos suspensivos ( … )
signo de interrogación ( ? )
signo de exclamación ( ! )
comiñas ( « » ) ( ‘ ’ ) ( “ ” )
parénteses ( ( ) )
corchetes ( [ ] )
raia ( ― )
guión ( ‐ )
barra diagonal ( / )
apóstrofo ( ' ) ( ’ )
acento ( ◌́ )
  acento agudo ( ◌́ )
  acento circunflexo ( ◌̂ )
  acento grave ( ◌` )
diérese ( ◌̈ )
til ( ~ )
espazo (   )

Outros signos auxiliares
antilambda ( < > )

antígrafo ( )
arroba ( @ )
asterisco ( * )
asterismo ( ⁂ )
barra inversa ( \ )
barra vertical ( | ) ( ¦ )
cancelo ( # )
chaves ( { } )
cruz ( † ) ( ‡ )
e comercial ( & )
fin de artigo ( ∎ )
frecha ( → )
grao ( ° )
guión baixo ( _ )
ídem ( 〃 )
indicador ordinal ( º ) ( ª )
man ( ☞ )
moeda ( ¤ )
parágrafo ( § )
porcentaxe ( % )
prima ( ′ ) ( ″ ) ( ‴ )
punto de lista ( • )
punto medio ( · )
símbolos lóxicos
( ⇒ ) ( ¬) ( ∃ ) ( ⊤ ) ( ∴ )
símbolos matemáticos
( + ) ( ‒) ( × ) ( ÷ ) ( = ) ( ± )
símbolos monetarios
( ¤ ) ( $ ) ( ¢ ) ( £ ) ( ₤ ) ( ¥ ) ( € )
símbolos de propiedade intelectual
( © ) ( ℗ ) ( ® ) ( ™ ) ( ℠ ) ( Ⓜ )

Esta caixa:

Os signos de máis e menos (+ e −) son símbolos matemáticos empregados para representar o signo dun número ou as operación de sumar e restar.

Historia

O uso de signos para representar a adición aparece xa no alfabeto xeroglífico, no que se representaba por dúas pernas andando no sentido do texto. Se aparecían no outro sentido representaban a subtracción:

D54ouD55

En manuscritos de Nicole Oresme do século XIV pódense ver os primeiros usos dun signo semellante ao signo "+".[1]

A primeiros do século XV as letras "P" e "M" eran os empregados habitualmente. Os símbolos p̄ para più (máis) e m̄ para meno (menos) apareceron na obra Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità de Luca Pacioli, publicada en Venecia en 1494.[2]

+ é unha simplificación da palabra latina "et" (e).[3] − pode derivar do til escrito sobre o m. No tratado de Johannes Widmann de 1489 xa aparecen estes dous signos. Robert Recorde, creador do signo igual introduciu estes símbolos en Inglaterra e 1557.

Signo máis

O signo é un operador binario que indica adición, como en 2 + 3 = 5. Tamén pode aparecer como operador unario, para sinalar que un número é número positivo.

En diferentes campos das Matemáticas pode indicar outras operación, que habitualmente son chamadas tamén adición. En estruturas alxébricas adoita empregarse para denotar unha operación conmutativa.

Signo menos

O signo menos ten tres usos principais en Matemáticas:

  • Como operador binario para indicar subtracción, como en 5 – 3 = 2.
  • Para sinalar un número negativo: -5.
  • Para indicar o oposto dun número ou unha variable.

Outros usos

En Matemáticas, o límite x→a+ significa x tende a a pola dereita e x→a− significa x tende a a pola esquerda.

Nos grupos sanguíneos indícase cun máis ou cun menos a presenza ou a ausencia do factor Rh.

Nalgunhas linguaxes de programación o signo máis equivale á concatenación de cadeas de caracteres: "a" + "b" = "ab".

Notas

  1. ↑ "The birth of symbols". Arquivado dende o orixinal o 08 de xullo de 2013. Consultado o 01 de xaneiro de 2014. 
  2. ↑ Sangster, Alan; Stoner, Greg; McCarthy, Patricia (2008). "The market for Luca Pacioli’s Summa Arithmetica" (PDF). Arquivado dende o orixinal (PDF) o 26 de xaneiro de 2018. Consultado o 1 de xaneiro de 2014. 
  3. ↑ Cajori, Florian (1928). The Open Court Company, Publishers, ed. A History of Mathematical Notations, Vol. 1. 

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