William Cecil Campbell

William Cecil Campbell
William Cecil Campbell 2015. aastal
Sündinud 28. juuni 1930
Ramelton, Donegali krahvkond, Iirimaa
Alma mater Dublini Trinity kolledž, Wisconsini ülikool
Abikaasa Mary Mastin Campbell
Teadlaskarjäär
Tegevusalad parasitoloogia
Töökohad Mercki raviuuringute instituut, Drew' ülikool
Tunnustus Nobeli meditsiiniauhind (2015)

William Cecil Campbell (sündinud 28. juunil 1930) on USA kodakondsusega Iiri bioloog ja parasitoloog, kes pälvis 2015. aastal töö eest ümarusside põhjustatud nakkuste vastase uudse ravi väljatöötamisel Nobeli füsioloogia- või meditsiiniauhinna.[1]

Ta aitas välja töötada ivermektiini, mis on erakordselt efektiivne onkotsertsiaas ja lümfifilariaasi ning mitme muu parasiithaiguse ravis.[2] Campbell töötas Mercki raviuuringute instituudis 1957–1990 ja on praegu Drew' ülikooli emeeritus.[3][4]

Elukäik

Satoshi Ōmura (vasakul) ja William C. Campbell (paremal) Stockholmis, detsember 2015

Campbell on sündinud Iirimaal Donegali krahvkonnas Rameltonis[5] R. J. Campbelli kolmanda pojana. Ta õppis Dublini Trinity College'is James Desmond Smythi juures[6] ja lõpetas kolledži 1952. aastal kiitusega zooloogias. Ta õppis Wisconsini ülikoolis, doktorikraadi sai 1957. aastal maksakaani käsitleva väitekirjaga.[4]

Aastatel 1957–1990 töötas Campbell Mercki raviuuringute instituudis[7] ning aastatel 1984–1990 oli analüüside uurimis- ja arendustegevuse vanemteadur ning direktor. Ta sai USA kodanikuks 1964. aastal.[8] Üks tema avastusi Mercki-perioodil oli fungitsiid tiabendasool, mida kasutatakse kartuli-lehemädaniku raviks.[4] [9] Tiabendasooli kasutatakse ka Trihhinelloosi raviks inimestel. [10]

Campbell on tuntud eeskätt parasiithaiguste alal tehtava uurimistöö poolest. Jaapani mikrobioloog Satoshi Ōmura eraldas ja kultiveeris Streptomyces rühmast palju looduslikke mullapõhiseid baktereid. Campbell juhatas Merckis meeskonda, kes uuris Ōmura kultuure ja nende tõhusust kodu- ja põllumajandusloomade parasiidivastases ravis. Proovist Streptomyces avermitilis, mis tekib looduslikult mullas, tuletas ta makrotsüklilise laktooni. Pärast edasist modifitseerimist nimetati seda ivermektiiniks või Mectizaniks.[11]

1978. aastal, olles tuvastanud hobuseid mõjutavate usside tüübi eduka ravi, mõistis Campbell, et sarnased ravimeetodid võivad olla kasulikud ka inimesi mõjutavate ussitüüpide puhul. 1981. aastal viis Merck Senegalis ja Prantsusmaal läbi onkotsertsiaas esimesed edukad ravikatsed.[2] Suukaudselt võttes ravim halvab ja steriliseerib haiguse põhjustanud parasiidi.[12] Merck jätkas enda tööd, uurides elevantiaasi ravi. Satoshi Ōmura, William Campbelli ja nende töökaaslaste uurimine lõi uut sorti ravimi parasiithaiguste ravimiseks.[13]

1987. aastal otsustas Merck annetada Mectizani arengumaadele. Campbellil oli selles otsuses oluline roll.[7] [14] Koos Maailma Terviseorganisatsiooniga lõid nad enneolematu ravimidoonorlusprogrammi, mille eesmärk oli onkotsertsiaas hävitada. [12] 2001. aasta seisuga raviti igal aastal hinnanguliselt 25 miljonit inimest, kokku 33 riigis Sahara-taguses Aafrikas, Ladina-Ameerikas ja Lähis-Idas. [13] [15][16] [17] 2013. aasta seisuga kinnitas Carteri keskus, et haigus on likvideeritud Colombias, Ecuadoris ja Mehhikos .[18]

1990. aastast kuni pensionile jäämiseni 2010. aastal oli Campbell teadur Drew' ülikoolis Madisonis New Jersey osariigis, kus ta juhendas bakalaureuseõpinguid ja õpetas parasitoloogiat.[13]

2002. aastal valiti Campbell Ameerika Ühendriikide Riikliku Teaduste Akadeemia liikmeks.[19] 2015. aasta jagas ta Nobeli füsioloogia- või meditsiiniauhinda Satoshi Ōmura ja Tu Youyouga.[2][20] Campbell on seitsmes iirlane, kes on pälvinud Nobeli auhinna.[6]

Isiklikku

William C. Campbell on abielus Mary Mastin Campbelliga.[7] Ta on luuletaja ja maalikunstnik,[21] kes vabal ajal mängib lauatennist ja sõidab süstaga.[6]

Tunnustus

Viited

  1. "William C Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura and Youyou Tu win Nobel prize in medicine". The Guardian. 05.10.2015. Vaadatud 05.10.2015.
  2. 2,0 2,1 2,2 "The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Press Release: William C. Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura, Youyou Tu". Nobel Foundation. Vaadatud 08.12.2015.
  3. Molin, Anna (05.10.2015). "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Awarded to William C. Campbell, Satoshi Omura, Youyou Tu". The Wall Street Journal. Vaadatud 05.10.2015.
  4. 4,0 4,1 4,2 Scott, Dermot. "William C. Campbell (Sc.D.)". Ramelton Tidy Towns. Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 11.04.2013. Vaadatud 09.12.2015.
  5. "William C. Campbell – Facts". Nobel Prize. Vaadatud 24.09.2016.
  6. 6,0 6,1 6,2 Murphy, Darragh (09.10.2015). "Meet Ireland's new Nobel Laureate, William C Campbell". The Irish Times. Vaadatud 13.10.2015.
  7. 7,0 7,1 7,2 7,3 Overstreet, Robin M. (2008). "Presentation of the 2008 ASP Distinguished Service Award to William C. Campbell". Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 94 (6): 1209. DOI:10.1645/GE-1852.1. PMID 18844434. Vaadatud 09.12.2015.
  8. "Prof. William Campbell, of NJ, wins Nobel Prize in medicine". News 12 New Jersey. Associated Press. 05.10.2015. Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 8.10.2015. Vaadatud 06.10.2015.
  9. Annual Report on Research and Technical Work of the Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland. Great Britain: The Department of Agriculture for Northern Ireland. 1975. Lk 149.
  10. Jelliffe, E. F. Patrice; Jelliffe, Derrick B. (1982). Adverse Effects of Foods. Boston, MA: Springer US. Lk 277. ISBN 9781461333616. Vaadatud 09.12.2015.
  11. "History". Merck & Co., Inc. Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 11. veebruar 2021. Vaadatud 12. juunil 2021.
  12. 12,0 12,1 "Merck Offers Free Distribution of New River Blindness Drug". The New York Times. 22.10.1987. Vaadatud 08.12.2015.
  13. 13,0 13,1 13,2 Avril, Tom (06.10.2015). "Former Merck scientist shares Nobel in medicine". Philadelphia Inquirer. Vaadatud 08.12.2015.
  14. Siddall, Mark (13.10.2015). "A Noble and Laudable Nobel Laureate: William C. Campbell". HuffPost. Vaadatud 09.12.2015.
  15. Sturchio, Jeffrey L (2001). "The Case of Ivermectin: Lessons and Implications for Improving Access to Care and Treatment in Developing Countries". Community Eye Health. 14 (38): 22–23. PMC 1705916. PMID 17491909.
  16. "African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC)". World Health Organization. Vaadatud 08.12.2015.
  17. "MORE THAN 25 Years: The MECTIZAN® Donation Program". Merck Be Well. Vaadatud 08.12.2015.
  18. Damico, Kathleen (29.10.2015). "Nobel Laureate Dr. William C. Campbell: A man of character, passion and art". PRWeb. Vaadatud 09.12.2015.
  19. "Member Directory William Campbell". National Academy of Sciences. Vaadatud 5.10.2015.
  20. "Irish scientist wins Nobel Prize for Medicine". RTÉ News. 05.10.2015. Vaadatud 05.10.2015.
  21. "Dr. William Campbell: Nobel Laureate, Painter, Actor, Writer". Drew University. Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 14. detsember 2020. Vaadatud 12. juunil 2021.
  22. "William C. Campbell". Royal Society. Vaadatud 19.12.2020.
  23. "William Campbell and Vincent Roche win St Patrick's Day Science Medals".

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