In May, the Russian government began offering Russian passports to the region's inhabitants.[4] In July, it issued a decree that extended Russian 2022 war censorship laws to the oblast, and included deportation to Russia as a penalty.[5] In September, occupation forces held largely disputed referendums in the occupied areas of Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Oblast to join the Russian Federation.[6][7] On 27 September, Russian officials claimed that Zaporizhzhia Oblast's referendum passed with 93.11% of voters in favour of joining the Russian Federation.[8][9] Russia signed an accession treaty with the Russian administration of the region on 30 September 2022.[10] Russia annexed Zaporizhzhia Oblast on 30 September 2022, including parts of the oblast that it did not control at the time.[10] The United Nations General Assembly demanded that Russia "immediately, completely and unconditionally withdraw, and passed a resolution calling on countries not to recognise what it described as an "attempted illegal annexation".[11]
Melitopol serves as the Russian seat of administration as Russia does not control Zaporizhzhia. In March 2023, Melitopol became the official capital of the Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast after the acting head, Yevgeny Balitsky, signed a decree on moving the de jure capital to Melitopol until Zaporizhzhia is captured.[12]
On 4 March 2022, the former leader of the Anti-Maidan of Zaporizhzhia, Vladimir Rogov, who calls himself "a member of the Main Council of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast Military-Civilian administration of the Zaporozhye", posted part of the program of "comprehensive financial and economic measures for the economic development of the regions of Ukraine controlled by the Russian Federation" on his Telegram channel. This program was written in its entirety in the newspapers published by the occupying authorities, as well as on March 9 in the public "Military-Civilian Administration of Melitopol". According to the BBC, the program was written in a complex bureaucratic style like that of other similar documents by Russian authorities.[15]
On 10 March, the director of the Melitopol Museum of Local History, Leila Ibragimova, was arrested at her home by Russian forces, and was detained in an unknown location.[16] The next day, Melitopol's mayor, Ivan Fedorov, was abducted by Russian troops for refusing to cooperate with them and continuing to fly a Ukrainian flag in his office.[17] Russian authorities did not comment on Fedorov's disappearance, but the prosecutor's office of the Luhansk People's Republic (a Russian-backed self-proclaimed breakaway state within Ukraine) accused him of "terrorist activities".[18] The mayor of Dniprorudne, Yevhen Matvieyev, was detained by Russian soldiers on 13 March.[19] Matvieyev had participated in a 27 February protest preventing Russian tanks from entering the town.[20]
The Russians proclaimed Halyna Danylchenko acting mayor of Melitopol on 12 March,[21][22] but Ukrainian sources said that Yevhen Balytskyi had become the unofficial de facto head of the city.[23][24][25] Meanwhile, hundreds of people joined a protest outside Melitopol city hall to demand the release of Fedorov.[18] Olga Gaysumova, head of the non-governmental organization "Conscientious Society of Melitopol" and the organizer of local protests against Russian forces, was arrested.[26] On 13 March, the Melitopol City Council declared that "occupying troops of the Russian Federation are trying to illegally create an occupation administration of the city of Melitopol."[27] It appealed to Prosecutor General of UkraineIryna Venediktova, to launch an investigation into Danylchenko and her party Opposition Bloc for treason.[27]Ukrayinska Pravda reported that the Russian military abducted Melitopol's District Council Chairman Serhiy Priyma and tried to abduct City Council Secretary Roman Romanov.[28] Russian military vehicles were seen announcing via loudspeakers that rallies and demonstrations had been prohibited and that a curfew imposed from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am.[29] On 14 March Ukrayinska Pravda reported that Russian forces had prevented new protests by blocking off the central square of Melitopol.[30] It also said "Two activists were abducted and taken away in an unknown direction."[30]
On 16 March, Fedorov was freed from captivity. Some Ukrainian officials said he was freed in a "special operation".[31][32][33] Zelenskyy's press aide Daria Zarivna however later said he was exchanged for nine Russian conscripts captured by Ukrainian forces.[34]
On 18 May 2022, Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian FederationMarat Khusnullin said during a visit to the region that "the region's prospect is to work in our friendly Russian family," and announced the imminent implementation of plans to launch the maximum turnover of the ruble. According to him, pensions and salaries would be paid to residents of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast in Russian currency within a calendar month.[35] On 23 March 2022, Mayor Fedorov reported that Melitopol was experiencing supply problems with food, medication and fuel, while the Russian military seized businesses, intimidated the local population, and held several journalists.[36]
On 25 May, Vladimir Rogov announced that after the complete capture of the region, it would be annexed by Russia. He also said that a dual-currency zone was introduced in the occupied territory and the coat of arms of Aleksandrovsk from the times of the Russian Empire were installed, with which they began to issue new license plates with the signature "TVR" (a reference to the Taurida Governorate; old numbers are used, but with a "TVR" sticker over the Ukrainian flag).[37][38] Later a report revealed that Balitsky still sometimes used the Ukrainian coat of arms of Zaporizhzhia Oblast on documentation.[39] The same day, Russian President Vladimir Putin issued a decree to simplify provision of Russian passports to residents of Zaporizhzhia Oblast, under the same procedure as the population of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts.[40]
Annexation into Russia (July 2022–present)
Russian President Vladimir Putin with pro-Russian leaders of the occupied territories on 30 September 2022
On 8 August, Balitsky announced that a referendum on "reunification" with Russia in the region, and signed the order of the Central Election Commission.[42] The commission, according to the statement, began to form as early as July 23.[43] On 8 September 2022, it was announced that referendums would be held in all the occupied territories of Ukraine from 23 to 27 September, the purpose of which was the annexation of these territories.[44] According to the military–civilian administration, 93.11% of voters in the referendum voted for the region to become part of Russia.[45] Balitsky said that "Zaporizhzhia Oblast de facto separated from Ukraine".[46] On September 28, the Zaporizhzhia military–civilian administration announced the secession of the region from Ukraine.[47] Russia did not control the entire oblast at the time of the referendum, and it was widely dismissed as a sham referendum by international observers. It was also condemned as illegal in international law by the United Nations.[48] On 29 September, Vladimir Putin recognized the Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions as independent countries, hours before signing a decree on the annexation of all four regions.[49][50]
At some point, the administration founded the Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion, a Russian volunteer militia fighting in Ukraine.[51]
In spring and summer 2023, Russian forces heavily fortified areas near major cities in Zaporizhzhia Oblast in anticipation of the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive.[52] On 8–10 September 2023, the 2023 Russian elections took place in the occupied Ukrainian territories,[53] which Melitopol mayor Ivan Fedorov described as "hellish pseudo-elections". During this period, on 9 September, Fedorov reported that the headquarters of United Russia – the Russian ruling party – in the small city of Polohy was blown up.[54] Fedorov alluded to casualties among the occupation authorities, stating on Telegram that "Some went to the hospital, and some went straight to the morgue".[54]
Occupation head Yevgeny Balitsky spoke about the living conditions in an interview. He stated that Russian occupation authorities “expelled a large number of families...who did not support the ‘special military operation’”. He claimed that the deportation of families was good for them because otherwise "things I'd rather not talk about" would have to happen to them, likely alluding to Russian occupation forces summarily executing Ukrainian civilians.[55]
The administrative divisions of the military administration before the 2023 annexation
In 2023, the occupying Russian Zaporizhzhia Military–Civilian Administration divided the oblast into five districts:[56] But after it was annexed into Russia as the Zaporozhye Oblast it was changed into 16 districts.[57]
The composition of the administration is published on its website, however, not all members of the administration are listed there, but only the Head, the commandant of Berdiansk, and the deputy for housing and communal services.[58]
The table lists notable members of the administration.
IAEA Director-General Rafael Grossi and other mission team members at the nuclear power plant on 1 September 2022
On 4 March, the city of Enerhodar and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant (ZNPP) came under Russian military occupation.[60] Since then, the ZNPP has been the center of an ongoing nuclear safety crisis.[61] Russia has used the plant as a base to hold military equipment and troops, heightening risk of damage to the plant and a fuel meltdown.[62]
On 6 March, the IAEA released a statement saying that Russian forces were interfering in the operations of the power plant, and "any action of plant management—including measures related to the technical operation of the six reactor units—requires prior approval by the Russian commander," further stating that "Russian forces at the site have switched off some mobile networks and the internet so that reliable information from the site cannot be obtained through the normal channels of communication".[63] On 9 March, Herman Galushchenko, Energy Minister of Ukraine, claimed that Russian forces were holding the workers at the power plant hostage and had forced several to make propaganda videos.[64]
Resistance to occupation
On 22 April 2022, Fedorov said that over 100 Russian soldiers were killed by partisans during the occupation of Melitopol.[65]
On 24 August 2022, the Russian-appointed head of Mykhailivka in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ivan Sushko, was assassinated in a car bombing.[66]
Captured by Russia before the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive. Recaptured by Ukraine between 12–14 June 2023.[84] Claimed recaptured by Russian sources on 12–13 October 2024.[85]
Confirmed recaptured by Russia on 26 October 2024.[86]
Captured by Russia before the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive. Recaptured by Ukraine around 11–14+ June 2023.[84] Contested by Russia since 23 November 2024.[93] Claimed re-captured by Russia on 3 December 2024.[94]
Captured by Russia in March 2022. Recaptured by Ukraine between 28 August – 1 September 2023.[100][101][102] Contested by Russia between around 19 February – 20 May 2024.[103] Recaptured by Russia around 20 May 2024.[104][99]
^Bailey, Riley; Howard, Angela; Williams, Madison; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (31 December 2022). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 31". Institute for the Study of War. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
^Barros, George; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Howard, Angela; Mappes, Grace; Philipson, Layne; Kagan, Frederick W. (2 January 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, January 2, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 29 February 2024. A Russian milblogger claimed on January 2 that Russian forces conducted a raid on Ukrainian positions in Novopokrovka, Zaporizhia Oblast and that Russian forces entrenched themselves in captured Dorozhnyanka
^Hird, Karolina; Mappes, Grace; Bailey, Riley; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Kagan, Frederick W. (19 March 2023). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, March 19, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 4 March 2024. Geolocated footage published on March 19 showed Russian forces operating in southern Dorozhnyanka.
^ abcMappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Barros, George; Evans, Angelica; Kagan, Frederick W. (7 October 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, October 7, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 7 October 2024. A Ukrainian military observer stated that Russian forces seized Myasozharivka (west of Svatove) [...] Ukrainian military observers stated on October 6 that Russian forces pushed Ukrainian forces from the poultry farm in eastern Tsukuryne and seized the remainder of the settlement [...] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed that Russian forces seized Hrodivka [...] Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian forces seized Zhelanne Druhe [...] Russian sources reported that the operational tempo in the southern frontline near Kamyanske, Zaporizhia Oblast, is increasing [...] Geolocated footage published on October 6 indicates that Russian forces marginally advanced near Kamyanske and Plavni on the eastern shore of the Kakhovka Reservoir
^ ab"Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 21, 2023". Institute for the Study of War. 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023. Geolocated combat footage posted on June 20 shows Ukrainian forces repelling a Russian armored assault east of Spirne [...] ISW geolocated footage published on June 21 that shows continued Ukrainian control of Pyatykhatky.
^Evans, Angelica; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Bailey, Riley; Barros, George; Kagan, Frederick W. (19 February 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 19, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
^Harward, Christina; Wolkov, Nicole; Stepanenko, Kateryna; Mappes, Grace; Kagan, Frederick W. (20 May 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, May 20, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
^ abcMappes, Grace; Wolkov, Nicole; Harward, Christina; Hird, Karolina; Barros, George (16 June 2024). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, June 16, 2024". Institute for the Study of War. Retrieved 17 June 2024. A Russian milblogger claimed that Russian forces advanced about two kilometers deep to the eastern outskirts of Pishchane [...] The Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) claimed on June 16 that Russian forces seized Zahirne [...], sparking debate and some criticism from Russian milbloggers who noted that Russian forces have controlled Zahirne for some time. One milblogger claimed [...] that Ukrainian forces had withdrawn from Zahirne in 2023. However, the terrain features in the area prevented Russian forces from establishing a reliable foothold in the settlement until more recently.
Il periodo Yayoi (弥生時代?, Yayoi-jidai) è un'epoca nella storia del Giappone che va dal 400-300 a.C. al 250-300 d.C.,[1] attraversando il Neolitico, l'età del bronzo e l'età del ferro. Il suo nome deriva dal quartiere di Tokyo dove furono per la prima volta ritrovati resti archeologici di quell'era. A seconda della fonte che si prende in considerazione il periodo Yayoi viene fatto iniziare o con l'inizio della coltivazione del riso nelle risaie oppure con il ritrovamento di n...
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