Federal districts of Russia

The federal districts (Russian: федеральные округа, IPA: [fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnɨjɪ ɐkrʊˈɡa]) are groupings of the federal subjects of Russia. Federal districts are not mentioned in the nation's constitution, do not have competences of their own, and do not manage regional affairs. They exist solely to monitor consistency between the federal and regional bodies of law, and ensure governmental control over the civil service, judiciary, and federal agencies operating in the regions.^[1] The federal district system was established on 13 May 2000.

List of federal districts

Federal district^[2]^[3]		Date established	Area^[4] (km²)	2021 census		HDI (2021)^[5]	GRDP (2022)^[6]		Federal subjects	Administrative centre	Map
Federal district^[2]^[3]		Date established	Area^[4] (km²)	Population	per km²	HDI (2021)^[5]	Total	Per capita	Federal subjects	Administrative centre	Map
	Southern^[a]	13 May 2000	427,800	16,746,000^[b]	39	0.799	₽9.816 trillion ($140 billion)	₽588,461 ($8419)	8	Rostov-on-Don
	North Caucasian	19 January 2010	170,400	10,171,000	60	0.793	₽3.111 trillion ($45 billion)	₽305,334 ($4368)	7	Pyatigorsk
	Central	13 May 2000	650,200	40,342,000	62	0.845	₽47.368 trillion ($678 billion)	₽1,176,273 ($16829)	18	Moscow
	Northwestern	13 May 2000	1,687,000	13,917,000	8	0.833	₽18.929 trillion ($271 billion)	₽1,362,907 ($19499)	11	Saint Petersburg
	Volga	13 May 2000	1,037,000	28,943,000	28	0.804	₽19.664 trillion ($281 billion)	₽683,355 ($9777)	14	Nizhny Novgorod
	Ural	13 May 2000	1,818,500	12,301,000	7	0.839	₽20.073 trillion ($287 billion)	₽1,635,678 ($23402)	6	Yekaterinburg
	Siberian	13 May 2000	4,361,800	16,793,000	4	0.794	₽13.054 trillion ($187 billion)	₽781,580 ($11182)	10	Novosibirsk
	Far Eastern	13 May 2000	6,952,600	7,976,000	1	0.808	₽8.656 trillion ($124 billion)	₽1,090,778 ($15606)	11	Vladivostok

Source:^[8]

^ Includes the Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, annexed by Russia in 2014, as well as Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk, and Zaporizhia oblasts annexed in 2022; recognized as parts of Ukraine by most of the international community.
^ Population figures from the Crimean Census in 2014.^[7] Crimea was annexed by Russia in 2014, after the 2010 Russian Census.

History

The federal districts of Russia were established by a decree issued by President Vladimir Putin on 13 May 2000 to facilitate the federal government's control of the then 89 federal subjects across the country.^[9]^[10]

On 19 January 2010, the new North Caucasian Federal District split from the Southern Federal District.^[8]

In March 2014, after the annexation of Crimea, the Crimean Federal District was established.^[11] The legality of this annexation is disputed by an overwhelming majority of countries.^[12] On 28 July 2016 the Crimean Federal District was abolished and merged into the Southern Federal District in order to improve governance.^[13]

In November 2018, Buryatia and Zabaykalsky Krai were moved from the Siberian Federal District to the Far Eastern Federal District in accordance with a decree issued by Putin.^[14] The Administrative Centre of the Far Eastern Federal District relocated from Khabarovsk to Vladivostok in December 2018.^[15]