Russian ruble

This article is about the currency of the modern Russian Federation. For the currencies of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union, see Ruble.

Ruble
Российский рубль (Russian)[a]
руб, Rub
banknote of 100 rubles of the sample of 2022Coins
ISO 4217
CodeRUB (numeric: 643)
Subunit0.01
Unit
Unitruble
PluralThe language(s) of this currency belong(s) to the Slavic languages. There is more than one way to construct plural forms.
Symbol₽‎
Denominations
Subunit
 1⁄100kopeyka (копейка)[b]
Symbol
 kopeyka (копейка)[b]коп. or к (Cyrillic)
kop or k (Latin)
Banknotes
 Freq. used5 ₽, 10 ₽, 50 ₽, 100 ₽, 200 ₽, 500 ₽, 1,000 ₽, 2,000 ₽, 5,000 ₽
Coins
 Freq. used1 ₽, 2 ₽, 5 ₽, 10 ₽
 Rarely used1 kop, 5 kop, 10 kop, 50 kop, 25 ₽
Demographics
Date of introduction14 July 1992:
RUR (1 SUR = 1 RUR)

1 January 1998:
RUB (1,000 RUR = 1 RUB)
ReplacedSoviet ruble (SUR)
Official user(s) Russia
Unofficial user(s)
Issuance
Central bankBank of Russia
 Websitewww.cbr.ru
PrinterGoznak
 Websitewww.goznak.ru
MintMoscow Mint and Saint Petersburg Mint
Valuation
Inflation8.5% (October 2024)
 SourceBank of Russia
 MethodCPI

The ruble or rouble[c] (Russian: рубль, romanized: rublʹ; symbol: ₽; abbreviation: руб or р. in Cyrillic, Rub in Latin;[1] ISO code: RUB) is the currency of the Russian Federation. The ruble is subdivided into 100 kopecks (sometimes written as copeck or kopek; Russian: копе́йка, romanized: kopeyka, pl. копе́йки, kopeyki). It is used in Russia as well as in the parts of Ukraine under Russian military occupation and in Russian-occupied parts of Georgia.

The ruble was the currency of the Russian Empire and of the Soviet Union (as the Soviet ruble). In 1992, the currency imagery underwent a redesign as a result of the fall of the Soviet Union. The first Russian ruble (code: RUR) replaced the Soviet ruble (code: SUR) in September 1993 at par.

On 1 January 1998, preceding the Russian financial crisis, the ruble was redenominated with the new code "RUB" and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR.

History

Main article: Ruble

The ruble has been used in the Russian territories since the 14th century,[2] and is the second-oldest currency still in circulation, behind sterling.[3] Initially an uncoined unit of account, the ruble became a circulating coin in 1704 just before the establishment of the Russian Empire. It was also the first currency in Europe to be decimalised in 1704, when it was divided into 100 kopecks. The ruble has seen several incarnations and redenominations during its history, the latest of which is the introduction in 1998 of the current Russian ruble (code: RUB) at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR.

RUR (1992–1998)

Further information: Soviet ruble and Monetary reform in Russia, 1993

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Soviet ruble remained the currency of the Russian Federation until 1992. A new set of coins was issued in 1992 and a new set of banknotes was issued in the name of Bank of Russia in 1993. The currency replaced the Soviet ruble at par and was assigned the ISO 4217 code RUR and number 810.

The ruble's exchange rate versus the U.S. dollar depreciated significantly from US$1 = 125 RUR in July 1992 to approximately US$1 = 6,000 RUR when the currency was redenominated in 1998.

RUR coins

After the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation introduced new coins in 1992 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 rubles. The coins depict the double-headed eagle without a crown, sceptre and globus cruciger above the legend "Банк России" ("Bank of Russia"). It is exactly the same eagle that the artist Ivan Bilibin painted after the February Revolution as the coat of arms for the Russian Republic.[4] The 1 and 5-ruble coins were minted in brass-clad steel, the 10 and 20-ruble coins in cupro-nickel, and the 50 and 100-ruble coins were bimetallic (aluminium-bronze and cupro-nickel-zinc). In 1993, aluminium-bronze 50-ruble coins and cupro-nickel-zinc 100-ruble coins were issued, and the material of 10 and 20-ruble coins was changed to nickel-plated steel. In 1995 the material of 50-ruble coins was changed to brass-plated steel, but the coins were minted with the old date 1993. As high inflation persisted, the lowest denominations disappeared from circulation and the other denominations became rarely used.

During this period, the commemorative one-ruble coins were regularly issued continuing the specifications of prior commemorative Soviet rubles (31 mm diameter, 12.8 grams cupronickel). It is nearly identical to those of the 5-Swiss franc coin (31.45 mm, 13.2 g cupronickel), worth approx. €4.39 or US$5.09 as of August 2018. For this reason, there have been several instances of (now worthless) Soviet and Russian ruble coins being used on a large scale to defraud automated vending machines in Switzerland.[5]

RUR banknotes

In 1961, new State Treasury notes were introduced for 1, 3 and 5 rubles, along with new State Bank notes worth 10, 25, 50, and 100 rubles. In 1991, the State Bank took over production of 1, 3 and 5-ruble notes and also introduced 200, 500 and 1,000-ruble notes, although the 25-ruble note was no longer issued. In 1992, a final issue of notes was made bearing the name of the USSR before the Russian Federation introduced 5,000 and 10,000-ruble notes. These were followed by 50,000-ruble notes in 1993, 100,000 rubles in 1995 and, finally, 500,000 rubles in 1997 (dated 1995).

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian ruble banknotes and coins have been notable for their lack of portraits, which traditionally were included under both the Tsarist and Communist regimes. With the issue of the 500-ruble note depicting a statue of Peter I and then the 1,000-ruble note depicting a statue of Yaroslav, the lack of recognizable faces on the currency has been partially alleviated.

SUR and RUR series banknotes
Series Value Obverse Reverse Issuer Languages
1961 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100 rubles Vladimir Lenin or views of the Moscow Kremlin Value, and views of the Moscow Kremlin for 50 rubles or higher USSR multiple
1991 1, 3, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000 rubles Russian
1992 50, 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000 rubles
  • USSR for 1,000 rubles and lower
  • Bank of Russia for 5,000- and 10,000 rubles
 Russian
1993 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000 rubles Moscow Kremlin with the tri-color Russian flag Bank of Russia
1995 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000 rubles Same design as today's banknotes, where 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR. The 1,000 ruble note did not continue as a 1 new ruble note.

RUB (1998–present)

See also: Monetary reform in Russia, 1998

In 1998, the Russian ruble was redenominated with the new ISO 4217 code "RUB" and number 643 and was exchanged at the rate of 1 RUB = 1,000 RUR. All Soviet coins issued between 1961 and 1991, as well as 1-, 2- and 3-kopeck coins issued before 1961, also qualified for exchange into new rubles.[6]

The redenomination was an administrative step that reduced the unwieldiness of the old ruble[7] but occurred on the brink of the 1998 Russian financial crisis.[8] The ruble lost 70% of its value against the US dollar in the six months following this financial crisis, from US$1 = 6 ₽ to approximately 20 ₽.[9]

After stabilizing at around US$1 = 30 ₽ from 2001 to 2013, it depreciated to the range of US$1 = 60-80 ₽ from 2014 to 2021 as a result of the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014 and the 2010s oil glut. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, it declined further to US$1 = 110 ₽ due to sanctions.[10]

The ruble was subject to fluctuation when, in April 2022, the ruble went above its pre-war level after falling as low as 150 ₽ per dollar in early March,[11] with the longer-term trend showing a steady decline from mid-2022 to mid-2023, falling from 60 ₽ to 90 ₽ per dollar.[12]

On 15 July 2024 the Central Bank of the Russian Federation closed the statistics of the over-the-counter currency market,[13] and three days later the sale of ruble-note artwork on toilet paper was banned by a judge from Moscow.[14]

Symbol

Main article: Ruble sign
Not to be confused with the Armenian letter ք.
The ruble sign since 2013
The "ruble" symbol used throughout the 17th century, composed of the Russian letters "Р" and "У".

A currency symbol was used for the ruble between the 16th century and the 18th century. The symbol consisted of the Russian letters "Р" (rotated 90° anti-clockwise) and "У" (written on top of it). The symbol was placed over the amount number it belonged to.[15] This symbol, however, fell into disuse by the mid-19th century.[16]

No official symbol was used during the final years of the Empire, nor was one introduced in the Soviet Union. The abbreviations Rbl (plural: Rbls) in Latin[17][18] and руб. (Cyrillic) and the simple characters R (Latin)[19][20][21] and р (Cyrillic) were used. These are still used today, though are unofficial.[22]

In July 2007, the Central Bank of Russia announced that it would decide on a symbol for the ruble and would test 13 symbols. This included the symbol РР (the initials of Российский Рубль "Russian ruble"), which received preliminary approval from the Central Bank.[23] However, one more symbol, a Р with a horizontal stroke below the top similar to the Philippine peso sign, was proposed unofficially.[23] Proponents of the new sign claimed that it is simple, recognizable and similar to other currency signs.[24][25][26] This symbol is also similar to the Armenian letter ք or the Latin letter Ꝑ.

On 11 December 2013, the official symbol for the ruble became RUB, a Cyrillic letter Er with a single added horizontal stroke,[27][better source needed] though the abbreviation "руб." is in wide use.

On 4 February 2014, the Unicode Technical Committee during its 138th meeting in San Jose accepted U+20BD ₽ RUBLE SIGN symbol for Unicode version 7.0;[28] the symbol was then included into Unicode 7.0 released on 16 June 2014.[29] In August 2014, Microsoft issued updates for all of its mainstream versions of Microsoft Windows that enabled support for the new ruble sign.[30]

The ruble sign can be entered on a Russian computer keyboard as AltGr+8 on Windows and Linux, or AltGr+Р (Qwerty H position) on macOS.

Coins

In 1998, the following coins were introduced in connection with the ruble revaluation and are currently in circulation:

Currently circulating coins[31]
Image Value Technical parameters Description Years of minting
Reverse Obverse Diameter Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse
1 kop 15.5 mm 1.5 g[32] Cupronickel-steel Plain Saint George Value
  • 1997–2009
  • 2014, 2017
5 kop 18.5 mm 2.6 g[32]
10 kop 17.5 mm 1.95 g[32] Brass Reeded Saint George Value 1997–2006
1.85 g Brass-plated steel Plain 2006–2015
50 kop 19.5 mm 2.90 g[32] Brass Reeded 1997–1999
2002–2006
2.75 g Brass-plated steel Plain 2006–2015
1 ₽ 20.5 mm 3.25 g Cupronickel Reeded Emblem of the Bank of Russia Value
  • 1997–1999
  • 2005–2009
3.00 g Nickel-plated steel 2009–2015
Coat of arms of Russia 2016–present
2 ₽ 23 mm 5.10 g Cupronickel Segmented (Plain and Reeded edges) Emblem of the Bank of Russia
  • 1997–1999
  • 2006–2009
5.00 g Nickel-plated steel 2009–2015
Coat of arms of Russia 2016–present
5 ₽ 25 mm 6.45 g Cupronickel-clad copper Emblem of the Bank of Russia
  • 1997–1998
  • 2008–2009
6.00 g Nickel-plated steel 2009–2015
Coat of arms of Russia 2016–present
10 ₽ 22 mm 5.63 g Brass-plated steel Segmented (plain and reeded edges) Emblem of the Bank of Russia Value 2009–2013, 2015
Coat of arms of Russia 2016–present

Kopeck coins are rarely used due to their low value and in some cases may not be accepted by stores or individuals.

These coins were issued starting in 1998, although some of them bear the year 1997. Kopeck denominations all depict St George and the Dragon, and all ruble denominations (with the exception of commemorative pieces) depict the double headed eagle. Mint marks are denoted by "СП" or "M" on kopecks and the logo of either the Saint Petersburg or Moscow mint on rubles. Since 2000, many bimetallic 10 ₽ circulating commemorative coins have been issued. These coins have a unique holographic security feature inside the "0" of the denomination 10.[citation needed]

In 2008, the Bank of Russia proposed withdrawing 1 and 5 kopeck coins from circulation and subsequently rounding all prices to multiples of 10 kopeks, although the proposal has not been realized yet (though characteristic "x.99" prices are treated as rounded in exchange).[citation needed] The Bank of Russia stopped minting one-kopeck and five-kopeck coins in 2012, and kopecks completely in 2018.[33]

The material of 1 ₽, 2 ₽ and 5 ₽ coins was switched from copper-nickel-zinc and copper-nickel clad to nickel-plated steel in the second quarter of 2009. 10 and 50 kopecks were also changed from brass to brass-plated steel.[citation needed]

In October 2009, a new 10 ₽ coin made of brass-plated steel was issued, featuring optical security features.[34] The 10 ₽ banknote would have been withdrawn in 2012, but a shortage of 10 ₽ coins prompted the Central Bank to delay this and put new ones in circulation.[35] Bimetallic commemorative 10-ruble coins will continue to be issued.[citation needed]

A series of circulating Olympic commemorative 25 ₽ coins started in 2011. The new coins are struck in cupronickel.[36] A number of commemorative smaller denominations of these coins exist in circulation as well, depicting national historic events and anniversaries.

The Bank of Russia issues other commemorative non-circulating coins ranging from 1 ₽ to 50,000 ₽.[37]

Banknotes

On 1 January 1998, a new series of banknotes dated 1997 was released in denominations of 5 ₽, 10 ₽, 50 ₽, 100 ₽ and 500 ₽. The 1,000 ₽ banknote was first issued on 1 January 2001 and the 5,000 ₽ banknote was first issued on 31 July 2006. Modifications to the series were made in 2001, 2004, and 2010.

In April 2016, the Central Bank of Russia announced that it will introduce two new banknotes – 200 ₽ and 2,000 ₽ — in 2017.[38] In September 2016, a vote was held to decide which symbols and cities will be displayed on the new notes.[39] In February 2017, the Central Bank of Russia announced the new symbols. The 200 ₽ banknote will feature symbols of Crimea: the Monument to the Sunken Ships, a view of Sevastopol, and a view of Chersonesus. The 2,000 ₽ banknote will bear images of the Russian Far East: the bridge to Russky Island and the Vostochny Cosmodrome in the Amur Oblast.[40]

In 2018, the Central Bank issued a 100 ₽ "commemorative" banknote designed to recognize Russia's role as the host of the 2018 World Cup soccer tournament. The banknote is printed on a polymer substrate, and has several transparent portions as well as a hologram. Despite the note being intended for legal tender transactions, the Central Bank has simultaneously refused to allow the country's automated teller machines (ATMs) to recognize or accept it.[41]

See also: Modification of banknotes of the Russian ruble (2022—2025)

In March 2021, the Central Bank announced plans to gradually update the designs of the 10 ₽, 50 ₽, 100 ₽, 1,000 ₽ and 5,000 ₽ banknotes and make them more secure; this is expected to be completed in 2025.[42]

The first new design, for the 100 ₽ note, was unveiled on 30 June 2022.[43] The design of the new note includes symbols of Moscow on the obverse - Red Square, Zaryadye Park, Moscow State University on Sparrow Hills, and Ostankino Tower - and the Rzhev Memorial to the Soviet Soldier on the reverse.[44]

In late 2022, the Central Bank resumed the printing of 5-ruble and 10-ruble notes for circulation; freshly printed notes began appearing in 2023.[45]

1997 series[46]
Image Value Dimensions Description Dates
Obverse Reverse Town Obverse Reverse Watermark Printing* Issue Withdrawal Lapse
5 ₽ 137 × 61 mm Veliky Novgorod The Millennium of Russia monument on background of Saint Sophia Cathedral Fortress wall of the Novgorod Kremlin "5", Saint Sophia Cathedral 1997

2022

1 January 1998 Current, but not issued from 2001 until 2021.

Re-issued in 2022. Rarely seen in circulation. Returned to circulation in 2023.[45]

10 ₽ 150 × 65 mm Krasnoyarsk Kommunalny Bridge across the Yenisei River, Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric plant "10", Paraskeva Pyatnitsa Chapel
  • 1997
  • 2001
  • 2004
  • 2022
 Current, but not issued from 2010 to 2021.

Re-issued in 2022. Still in use, but rarely seen in circulation. Returned to circulation in 2023.[45]

50 ₽ Saint Petersburg A Rostral Column sculpture on background of Peter and Paul Fortress Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns "50", Peter and Paul Cathedral Current
100 ₽ Moscow Quadriga statue on the portico of the Bolshoi Theatre The Bolshoi Theatre "100", The Bolshoi Theatre
500 ₽ Arkhangelsk Monument to Czar Peter the Great, sailing ship and sea terminal[47] Solovetsky Monastery "500", portrait of Peter the Great
  • 1997
  • 2001
  • 2004
  • 2010
1,000 ₽ 157 × 69 mm Yaroslavl Monument to Yaroslav I the Wise and the Lady of Kazan Chapel John the Baptist Church "1,000", portrait of Yaroslav the Wise
  • 2001
  • 2004
  • 2010
 1 January 2001
5,000 ₽ Khabarovsk Monument to Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky Khabarovsk Bridge over the Amur "5,000", portrait of Muravyov-Amursky
  • 2006
  • 2010
 31 July 2006
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.
  • Each new banknote series has enhanced security features, but no major design changes. Banknotes printed after 1997 bear the fine print "модификация 2001г." (or later date) meaning "modification of year 2001" on the left watermark area.
2017–2025 series[46]
Image Value Dimensions Description Date of
Obverse Reverse Federal District Obverse Reverse Watermark printing issue withdrawal lapse
100 ₽ 150 × 65 mm Central Federal District Moscow: Spasskaya Tower, Zaryadye Park, Moscow State University, Ostankino Tower Memorial to the Soviet Soldier, Rzhev, Tver Oblast; Kulikovo Field, Tula Oblast "100", Spasskaya Tower 2022 30 June 2022 Current
200 ₽ 150 × 65 mm Southern Federal District Monument to the Sunken Ships (by sculptor Amandus Adamson), Sevastopol View of Chersonesus "200", Monument to the Sunken Ships 2017 12 October 2017
1,000 ₽ 157 × 69 mm Volga Federal District Nizhny Novgorod: Nikolskaya Tower of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, Nizhny Novgorod Fair, Spit of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Stadium Museum of the History of Statehood of the Tatar People and the Republic of Tatarstan in Kazan, Söyembikä Tower on the Kazan Kremlin, Museum of Archeology and Ethnography in Ufa "1000", Nikolskaya Tower of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin 2023 16 October 2023
2,000 ₽ 157 × 69 mm Far Eastern Federal District Vladivostok: Russky Bridge, Far Eastern Federal University Vostochny Cosmodrome, Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast "2000", Russky Bridge 2017 12 October 2017
5,000 ₽ 157 × 69 mm Ural Federal District Yekaterinburg: Stele "Europe - Asia", Iset Tower in Yekaterinburg-City, Vysotsky, Yekaterinburg Circus, House of Communications (main post office building), Palace of Sporting Games, Sevastyanov's House Monument "Tale of the Urals" in Chelyabinsk, metallurgical plant, stele "66 parallel" (Arctic Circle) in Salekhard, oil and gas industry facilities "5000", House of Communications (main post office building), Sevastyanov's House 2023 16 October 2023

For the rest of the 2017–2025 series, the following designs are planned:[48]

Printing

QR codes from the current (2017–present) series of banknotes

All Russian ruble banknotes are currently printed at the state-owned factory Goznak in Moscow, which was founded on 6 June 1919 and operated ever since. Coins are minted in the Moscow Mint and at the Saint Petersburg Mint, which has been operating since 1724.

100 ₽ note controversy

An image of the 100-ruble banknote, zoomed up to show a statue of the Greek god Apollo as depicted on top of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow; this version of Apollo is shown with his penis and testicles exposed (which was the case on the Bolshoi Theatre at the time of printing, though the original statue was amended with a fig leaf covering them) which led to one Russian politician, Roman Khudyakov, to condemn the banknote as "pornography."

On 8 July 2014, State Duma deputy and vice-chairman of the Duma Regional Political Committee Roman Khudyakov alleged that the image of the Greek god Apollo driving a Quadriga on the portico of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow on the 100 ₽ banknote constitutes pornography that should only be available to persons over the age of 18. Since it is impractical to limit the access of minors to banknotes, he requested in his letter to the Governor of the Bank of Russia Elvira Nabiullina to immediately change the design of the banknote.[49]

Khudyakov, a member of parliament for the LDPR party stated, "You can clearly see that Apollo is naked, you can see his genitalia. I submitted a parliamentary request and forwarded it directly to the head of the central bank asking for the banknote to be brought into line with the law protecting children and to remove this Apollo."[50][51] Khudyakov's efforts did not lead to any changes being made to the design.

Crimea controversy

On 13 October 2017, the National Bank of Ukraine issued a decree forbidding the country's banks, other financial institutions and Ukraine's state postal service to circulate Russian banknotes which use images of Crimea, a territory that is regarded as Russian-occupied by Ukraine and whose annexation by Russia is not recognised by most UN member states.[52] The NBU stated that the ban applies to all financial operations, including cash transactions, currency exchange activities and interbank trade.[53] Crimea is featured on three banknotes that are currently in circulation – the 100 ₽ commemorative notes issued in 2015 and 2018, as well as the 200 ₽ note issued in 2017.

1,000 ₽ note controversy

On 16 October 2023, the day of unveilling of the new design of the 1,000-ruble note, the design of the note was criticised by the Russian Orthodox Church for displaying the Islamic crescent on one of the buildings on the reverse of the note at the same time as excluding the Orthodox cross from a different building (a former church that is now a museum).[54] The Bank of Russia claimed that the image was not selected to provoke or disregard any faith, but announced on the following day that the design would be revised and the notes would not be printed.[citation needed]

Effect of international sanctions

Kommersant reported that the new 100 ₽ note introduced in 2022 will not work with an estimated 60% of cash registers and bank machines because they are imported and therefore must be updated by foreign companies, and this work may not be completed due to sanctions.[55][56] However, Russian banks have been transferring their ATM networks to domestic software which does not require foreign specialists since at least 2018, with the biggest Russian bank, Sberbank, completing 80% of the transfer by June 2022.[57] Russian banks will start purchasing domestic ATMs with Elbrus processors in 2023, the mandatory share of Russian products in the purchase of ATMs was to be at least 18% for banks with state partnership, since 2022 it has grown to 20%.[58]

Commemorative banknotes

Commemorative banknote series[59]
Image Value Dimensions Description Dates
Obverse Reverse Obverse Reverse Watermark Printing* Issue Withdrawal Lapse
100 ₽ 150 × 65 mm A snowboarder and some of the Olympic venues of the Sochi coastal cluster. Fisht Olympic Stadium in Sochi, firebird 2014 Winter Olympics logo 2014 30 October 2013 Current
100 ₽ 150 × 65 mm Monument to the Sunken Ships in Sevastopol Bay, outlines of Monument to the heroes of the Second Siege of Sevastopol and St. Vladimir Cathedral, fragment of a painting by Ivan Aivazovsky Swallow's Nest castle, Yevpatoria RT-70 radio telescope, outline of Big Khan Mosque in Bakhchisaray and a green stripe containing a QR code linking to the Bank of Russia webpage containing historical information relating to the commemorative banknote Portrait of Empress Catherine the Great 2015 23 December 2015
100 ₽ 150 × 65 mm A boy with a ball under his arm looking up as Lev Yashin saves a ball. A stylized image of the globe in the form of a football with a green image of Russia's territory (including Crimea) outlined on it, as well as the name of the 2018 FIFA World Cup host cities The number 2018 2018 22 May 2018

On 30 October 2013, a special banknote in honour of the 2014 Winter Olympics held in Sochi was issued. The banknote is printed on high-quality white cotton paper. A transparent polymer security stripe is embedded into the paper to make a transparent window incorporating an optically variable element in the form of a snowflake. The highlight watermark is visible in the upper part of the banknote. Ornamental designs run vertically along the banknote. The front of the note features a snowboarder and some of the Olympic venues of the Sochi coastal cluster. The back of the note features the Fisht Olympic Stadium in Sochi. The predominant colour of the note is blue.

On 23 December 2015, another commemorative 100 ₽ banknote was issued to celebrate the "reunification of Crimea and Russia". The banknote is printed on light-yellow-coloured cotton paper. One side of the note is devoted to Sevastopol, the other one — to Crimea. А wide security thread is embedded into the paper. It comes out on the surface on the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the figure-shaped window. A multitone combined watermark is located on the unprinted area in the upper part of the banknote. Ornamental designs run vertically along the banknote. The Sevastopol side of the note features the Monument to Sunken Ships in Sevastopol Bay and a fragment of the painting "Russian Squadron on the Roads of Sevastopol" by Ivan Aivazovsky. The Crimea side of the note features the Swallow's Nest, a decorative castle and local landmark. In the lower part of the Sevastopol side of the banknote in the green stripe there is a QR-code containing a link to the Bank of Russia's webpage, which lists historical information related to the banknote. The predominant colour of the note is olive green.

On 22 May 2018, a special banknote to celebrate the 2018 FIFA World Cup was issued.[60] The banknote is printed on polymer. The top part of the note bears a transparent window that contains a holographic element. The design of the note is vertically oriented. The main images of the obverse are a boy with a ball under his arm and a goalkeeper diving for a ball. The main image of the reverse is a stylized image of the globe in the form of a football with green image of the Russian territory outlined on it. On the reverse there is the number 2018 that marks both the issue of the banknote and the World Cup, as well as the name of the host cities in the Russian language. The bottom right corner of the obverse bears a QR-code, which contains a link to the page of the Bank of Russia website with the description of the note's security features. Predominant colours of the note are blue and green.

Economics

Worldwide official use of foreign currency or pegs. The ruble is used in Russia and Russian occupied territories of Georgia and Ukraine.
  Russian ruble users, including the Russian Federation
  US dollar users, including the United States
  Currencies pegged to the US dollar
  Euro users, including the Eurozone
  Currencies pegged to the euro

  Australian dollar users, including Australia
  New Zealand dollar users, including New Zealand
  South African rand users (CMA, including South Africa)
  Indian rupee users and pegs, including India
  Pound sterling users and pegs, including the United Kingdom

  Special drawing rights or other currency basket pegs
  Three cases of a country using or pegging the currency of a neighbour

The use of other currencies for transactions between Russian residents is punishable, with a few exceptions, with a fine of 75% to 100% of the value of the transaction.[61]

International trade

On 23 November 2010, at a meeting of Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin and Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao, it was announced that Russia and China had decided to use their own national currencies for bilateral trade, instead of the US dollar. The move is aimed to further improve relations between Beijing and Moscow and to protect their domestic economies during the Great Recession. The trading of the Chinese yuan against the ruble has started in the Chinese interbank market, while the yuan's trading against the ruble was set to start on the Russian foreign exchange market in December 2010.[62][better source needed]

In January 2014, President Putin said there should be a sound balance on the ruble exchange rate; that the Central Bank only regulated the national currency exchange rate when it went beyond the upper or lower limits of the floating exchange rate; and that the freer the Russian national currency is, the better it is, adding that this would make the economy react more effectively and timely to processes taking place in it.[63]

Exchange rates

Current RUB exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From XE.com: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
USD / RUB exchange rate 1994-2023
EUR / RUB exchange rate

The first Russian ruble (RUR) introduced in January 1992 depreciated significantly versus the US dollar from US$1 = 125 RUR to around US$1 = 6,000 RUR (or 6 RUB) when it was redenominated in January 1998. The new ruble then depreciated rapidly in its first year to US$1 = 20 RUB before stabilizing at around US$1 = 30 RUB from 2001 to 2013.

The financial crisis in Russia in 2014–2016 was the result of the collapse of the Russian ruble beginning in the second half of 2014.[64][65][66][67][68][69] A decline in confidence in the Russian economy caused investors to sell off their Russian assets, which led to a decline in the value of the Russian ruble and sparked fears of a Russian financial crisis. The lack of confidence in the Russian economy stemmed from at least two major sources. The first is the fall in the price of oil in 2014. Crude oil, a major export of Russia, declined in price by nearly 50% between its yearly high in June 2014 and 16 December 2014. The second was the result of international economic sanctions imposed on Russia following Russia's annexation of Crimea and the Russian military intervention in Ukraine.[64][70]

The crisis affected the Russian economy, both consumers and companies, and regional financial markets, as well as Putin's ambitions regarding the Eurasian Economic Union. The Russian stock market in particular experienced large declines, with a 30% drop in the RTS Index from the beginning of December through 16 December 2014. From July 2014 to February 2015 the ruble fell dramatically against the U.S. dollar. A 6.5 percentage point interest rate rise to 17 percent[71] failed to prevent the currency hitting record lows in a "perfect storm" of low oil prices, looming recession and international sanctions over the Russo-Ukrainian War.[72]

Russia faced steep economic sanctions due to the invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. In response to the military campaign, several countries imposed strict economic sanctions on the Russian economy.[d] This led to a 32 percent drop in the value of the ruble, which traded at an exchange rate of 120 rubles per dollar in March 2022.[10] On 23 March 2022, President Putin announced that Russia would only accept payments for Russian gas exports from “unfriendly countries” in rubles.[73] This, along with several other actions to control capital flow, coinciding with soaring commodity prices led to the ruble rallying to a record high in May 2022 that economists feel is unlikely to last.[74] However, the ruble continued to rally in June 2022, hitting its highest point (51 rubles to the dollar) for the past seven years at the end of the month.[75]

RUB per US$1998–2023
Year Lowest ↓ Highest ↑ Average
Date Rate Date Rate Rate
1998 1 January 5.9600 29 December 20.9900 9.7945
1999 1 January 20.6500 29 December 27.0000 24.6489
2000 6 January 26.9000 23 February 28.8700 28.1287
2001 4 January 28.1600 18 December 30.3000 29.1753
2002 1 January 30.1372 7 December 31.8600 31.3608
2003 20 December 29.2450 9 January 31.8846 30.6719
2004 30 December 27.7487 1 January 29.4545 28.8080
2005 18 March 27.4611 6 December 28.9978 28.1910
2006 6 December 26.1840 12 January 28.4834 27.1355
2007 24 November 24.2649 13 January 26.5770 25.5808
2008 16 July 23.1255 31 December 29.3804 24.8529
2009 13 November 28.6701 19 February 36.4267 31.7403
2010 16 April 28.9310 8 June 31.7798 30.3679
2011 6 May 27.2625 5 October 32.6799 29.3823
2012 28 March 28.9468 5 June 34.0395 31.0661
2013 5 February 29.9251 5 September 33.4656 31.9063
2014 1 January 32.6587 18 December 67.7851 38.6025
2015 17 April 49.6749 31 December 72.8827 61.3400
2016 30 December 60.2730 22 January 83.5913 66.8336
2017 26 April 55.8453 4 August 60.7503 58.2982
2018 28 February 55.6717 12 September 69.9744 62.9502
2019 26 December 61.7164 15 January 67.1920 64.6184
2020 10 January 61.0548 18 March 80.8692 72.4388
2021 27 October 69.5526 8 April 77.7730 73.6628
2022 30 June 51.1580 11 March 120.3785 68.4869
2023 15 January 66.0026 8 October 101.0001 85.5086
Source: USD exchange rates in RUB, Bank of Russia[76]
Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[77]
Currency ISO 4217
code 		Symbols Proportion of daily volume Change
(2019–2022)
April 2019 April 2022
U.S. dollar USD $, US$ 88.3% 88.5% Increase 0.2pp
Euro EUR € 32.3% 30.5% Decrease 1.8pp
Japanese yen JPY ¥, 円 16.8% 16.7% Decrease 0.1pp
Sterling GBP £ 12.8% 12.9% Increase 0.1pp
Renminbi CNY ¥, 圆 4.3% 7.0% Increase 2.7pp
Australian dollar AUD $, $A 6.8% 6.4% Decrease 0.4pp
Canadian dollar CAD $, Can$ 5.0% 6.2% Increase 1.2pp
Swiss franc CHF Fr., fr. 4.9% 5.2% Increase 0.3pp
Hong Kong dollar HKD $, HK$, 元 3.5% 2.6% Decrease 0.9pp
Singapore dollar SGD $, S$ 1.8% 2.4% Increase 0.6pp
Swedish krona SEK kr, Skr 2.0% 2.2% Increase 0.2pp
South Korean won KRW ₩, 원 2.0% 1.9% Decrease 0.1pp
Norwegian krone NOK kr, Nkr 1.8% 1.7% Decrease 0.1pp
New Zealand dollar NZD $, $NZ 2.1% 1.7% Decrease 0.4pp
Indian rupee INR ₹ 1.7% 1.6% Decrease 0.1pp
Mexican peso MXN $, Mex$ 1.7% 1.5% Decrease 0.2pp
New Taiwan dollar TWD $‎, NT$, 圓 0.9% 1.1% Increase 0.2pp
South African rand ZAR R 1.1% 1.0% Decrease 0.1pp
Brazilian real BRL R$ 1.1% 0.9% Decrease 0.2pp
Danish krone DKK kr., DKr 0.6% 0.7% Increase 0.1pp
Polish złoty PLN zł‎, Zl 0.6% 0.7% Increase 0.1pp
Thai baht THB ฿, B 0.5% 0.4% Decrease 0.1pp
Israeli new shekel ILS ₪, NIS 0.3% 0.4% Increase 0.1pp
Indonesian rupiah IDR Rp 0.4% 0.4% Steady
Czech koruna CZK Kč, CZK 0.4% 0.4% Steady
UAE dirham AED د.إ, Dh(s) 0.2% 0.4% Increase 0.2pp
Turkish lira TRY ₺, TL 1.1% 0.4% Decrease 0.7pp
Hungarian forint HUF Ft 0.4% 0.3% Decrease 0.1pp
Chilean peso CLP $, Ch$ 0.3% 0.3% Steady
Saudi riyal SAR ﷼, SRl(s) 0.2% 0.2% Steady
Philippine peso PHP ₱ 0.3% 0.2% Decrease 0.1pp
Malaysian ringgit MYR RM 0.2% 0.2% Steady
Colombian peso COP $, Col$ 0.2% 0.2% Steady
Russian ruble RUB ₽, руб 1.1% 0.2% Decrease 0.9pp
Romanian leu RON —, leu 0.1% 0.1% Steady
Peruvian sol PEN S/. 0.1% 0.1% Steady
Bahraini dinar BHD .د.ب, BD 0.0% 0.0% Steady
Bulgarian lev BGN лв., lv., lev 0.0% 0.0% Steady
Argentine peso ARS $, Arg$ 0.1% 0.0% Decrease 0.1pp
Other currencies 1.8% 2.3% Increase 0.5pp
Total: 200.0% 200.0%




See also

Notes

  1. ^
  2. ^ Tatar: тиен tiyen; Bashkir: тин tin; Chuvash: пус pus; Ossetian: капекк kapekk; Udmurt: коны kony; Mari: ыр yr; Yakut: харчы harchy
  3. ^ Ruble is more common in North American English. Rouble is more common in British English.
  4. ^ Albania, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, the Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States.

References

Citations

  1. ^ "World Bank Editorial Style Guide 2020" (PDF). World Bank. p. 138. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  2. ^ Кречетников, Артем (7 July 2016). "Рубль: одно название за 700 лет и еще 21 факт" [Ruble: one name for 700 years and 21 more facts]. BBC News Русская служба. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  3. ^ "Russian ruble facts". Archived from the original on 5 February 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2022.
  4. ^ Банк России заменит на монетах свою эмблему на герб России [The Bank of Russia will replace its emblem on the coins with the coat of arms of Russia]. Zavtra (in Russian). 30 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  5. ^ "Mit alten Rubelmünzen Automaten am Zürcher HB geplündert" [Vending machines at Zurich main station looted with old ruble coins] (in German). Swissinfo. 15 November 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
  6. ^ "ПОЛОЖЕНИЕ О ПОРЯДКЕ ОБМЕНА ДЕНЕЖНОЙ НАЛИЧНОСТИ ФИЗИЧЕСКИМ ЛИЦАМ В СООТВЕТСТВИИ С УКАЗОМ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ ОТ 4 АВГУСТА 1997 ГОДА N 822 "ОБ ИЗМЕНЕНИИ НАРИЦАТЕЛЬНОЙ СТОИМОСТИ РОССИЙСКИХ ДЕНЕЖНЫХ ЗНАКОВ И МАСШТАБА ЦЕН". Положение. Центральный банк РФ (ЦБР). 15.12.98 63-П. Предпринимательское право" [Regulations on the Procedure for the Exchange of Cash to Individuals in Accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 4 August 1997 N 822 “On Changes in the Nominal Value of Russian Money Signs and the Scale of Prices”. Position. Central Bank of the Russian Federation (CBR). 12/15/98 63-P. Business Law]. www.businesspravo.ru. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  7. ^ Dougherty, Jill (4 August 1997). "Russia to redenominate ruble". CNN. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  8. ^ Gilman, Martin (21 November 2012). "Why Russians and the World Dislike the Ruble". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
  9. ^ See table under exchange rates
  10. ^ a b Karunungan, Lilian (2 March 2022). "Ruble Whipsawed as Exporter Dollar Sales Can't Offset Rout". Bloomberg. Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  11. ^ Maki, Sydney (7 April 2022) [6 April 2022]. "Mocked as 'Rubble' by Biden, Russia's Ruble Roars Back". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  12. ^ "Russian Ruble Plunges to 15-Month Low as Panicked Citizens Withdraw Billions". 10 July 2023.
  13. ^ https://www.interfax.ru/business/970928. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ^ "Russia Bans Ruble Toilet Paper".
  15. ^ Забытый знак российского рубля [Forgotten Russian ruble sign] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2006.
  16. ^ "В поисках утраченного рубля" [In search of the lost ruble]. 8 March 2000. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  17. ^ Balkema, A.A. (1992). Proceedings of the Tenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 9789054100607.
  18. ^ Szawlowski, Richard (1976). The system of the international organizations of the communist countries. BRILL. ISBN 9789028603356.
  19. ^ "Soviet Union". CIA World Factbook 1990 - page 288. 1 April 1990. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  20. ^ "Currencies of the World". The University of British Columbia Sauder School of Business. Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
  21. ^ "Russia". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
  22. ^ Valeria Korchagina (15 June 2006). "'R' for Ruble Is Symbol of Pride". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
  23. ^ a b Peter Finn (28 June 2006). "Russians Bet Ruble Will Rise To Status of Dollar, Euro, Yen". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2007.
  24. ^ "О знаке рубля" [About the sign of the ruble]. 1 August 2007. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  25. ^ "Знак рубля. Попытка анализа" [Ruble sign. An attempt at analysis]. Imadesign.ru. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  26. ^ "Знак рубля" [Ruble sign]. Fonts.ru. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  27. ^ "Экономика: Деньги: Банк России утвердил символ рубля" [Economy: Money: The Bank of Russia approved the symbol of the ruble]. Lenta.ru. 25 November 2013. Archived from the original on 11 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
  28. ^ "UTC 138 Draft Minutes". The Unicode Consortium. 10 February 2014. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  29. ^ "Announcing The Unicode Standard, Version 7.0". The Unicode Consortium. 16 June 2014. Archived from the original on 17 June 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  30. ^ "Update to support the new currency symbol for the Russian ruble in Windows". Microsoft. August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  31. ^ "Coins, Bank of Russia". Cbr.ru. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  32. ^ a b c d "Монеты, Банк России" [Coins, Bank of Russia]. Cbr.ru. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  33. ^ "Russia stops minting kopeks". 14 May 2019. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  34. ^ "News article about new 10-ruble coins being issued". Altapress.Ru. 22 September 2009. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  35. ^ "ЦБ возвращает в оборот 10-рублевые банкноты" [Central Bank returns 10-ruble banknotes to circulation]. Rbc.Ru. 22 December 2011. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  36. ^ "Russia's Olympic plans". World of Coins. 19 April 2011. Archived from the original on 7 June 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  37. ^ "Commemorative and Investment Coins database". Bank of Russia. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  38. ^ "Russia to issue 200- and 2,000-ruble banknotes". Bank of Russia. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  39. ^ "Голосуем за дизайн новых банкнот 200 и 2000 рублей" [We vote for the design of new banknotes of 200 and 2000 rubles]. tvoya-rossiya.ru. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  40. ^ "New 200 and 2000 ruble banknotes get their symbols". Bank of Russia. 1 February 2017. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
  41. ^ "Bank of Russia presents commemorative polymer banknote for the 2018 World Cup". TASS. 22 May 2018. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  42. ^ "Bank of Russia to strengthen protection, upgrade design of banknotes". TASS. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  43. ^ "ЦБ представил обновленную банкноту в 100 рублей" [The Central Bank introduced an updated banknote of 100 rubles]. tass.ru. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  44. ^ "ЦБ представил новую купюру номиналом ₽100" [The Central Bank introduced a new banknote with a face value of ₽100]. РБК (in Russian). 30 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  45. ^ a b c "Банк России вернул в обращение купюры по 5 и 10 рублей". Российская газета. 3 March 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  46. ^ a b "Banknotes and Coins". Cbr.ru. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  47. ^ "The 500-ruble Bank of Russia note". Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  48. ^ "Guidelines for Cash Circulation Development in 2021–2025 approved". Central Bank of Russia. 23 March 2021. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  49. ^ "На 100-рублевой купюре в Госдуме разглядели "порнографию"" [On the 100-ruble note in the State Duma discerned "pornography"]. Izvestia. 8 July 2014. Archived from the original on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  50. ^ Baczynska, Gabriela (9 July 2014). "No more naked Apollos on Russian banknotes, lawmaker says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  51. ^ Wong, Curtis (9 July 2014). "Russia's 100-Ruble Banknote With Naked Apollo Image Is Pornographic, Politician Argues". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
  52. ^ "Ukraine Refuses To Circulate New Russian Banknotes Depicting Crimea". Malaysian Digest. 14 October 2017. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018.
  53. ^ "NBU Forbids Banks to Perform Transactions with Russian Banknotes and Coins Depicting Any Objects Located in the Occupied Territories of Ukraine". bank.gov.ua. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  54. ^ "The Central Bank of Russia has suspended the issue of a 1,000-ruble banknote due to criticism from religious activists". RuNews24.ru. 18 October 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  55. ^ Times (1 July 2022). "Russian ATMs Reject New 100-Ruble Bill – Kommersant". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  56. ^ "New banknotes unable to work with Russian ATMs for years". Meduza. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  57. ^ "Сбер перевел большую часть своих банкоматов на собственное ПО" [Sber transferred most of its ATMs to its own software]. tass.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  58. ^ ""Эльбрус" добрался до наличных" ["Elbrus" got to cash]. Газета РБК (in Russian). Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  59. ^ "Banknotes and Coins". cbr.ru. Central Bank of Russia. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  60. ^ Krivorotova, Anastasia; Rakitina, Ekaterina (22 May 2018). "ЦБ представил памятную банкноту к чемпионату мира по футболу" [The Central Bank presented a commemorative banknote for the World Cup]. cbr.ru (in Russian). Central Bank of Russia. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  61. ^ "Федеральный закон от 10.12.2003 N 173-ФЗ — Редакция от 18.07.2017 — Контур.Норматив" [Federal Law of 10 December 2003 N 173-FZ - Edition of 18 July 2017 - Kontur.Normative]. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  62. ^ Chinese minister says China-Russia economic, trade co-op at new starting point Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Xinhua News, 25 November 2010
  63. ^ "Putin hopes Central Bank and government find balance in ruble exchange rate dynamics". ITAR-TASS. 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 4 February 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  64. ^ a b Kitroeff, Natalie; Weisenthal, Joe (16 December 2014). "Here's Why the Russian Ruble Is Collapsing". Businessweek. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  65. ^ Hille, Kathrin (25 December 2014). "Moscow says rouble crisis is over". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  66. ^ Gessen, Masha (27 December 2014). "The News in Moscow". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  67. ^ Hartley, Jon (1 January 2015). "Online Prices Indicate Russian Inflation Spike After Ruble Decline". Forbes. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  68. ^ Metreveli, Irakli (1 January 2015). "Ex-Soviet republics hit by Russian economic crisis". The China Post. Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
  69. ^ "'We are hardly surviving': As oil and the ruble drop, ordinary Russians face growing list of problems". Financial Post. Reuters. 1 January 2015. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  70. ^ Dorning, Mike; Katz, Ian (16 December 2014). "U.S. Won't Ease Sanctions to Stem Russia's Economic Crisis". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  71. ^ "Russian Ruble Meltdown in Full Force". PrimePair.com. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  72. ^ "WRAPUP 2-Rouble crisis could shake Putin's grip on power". Reuters. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2018.
  73. ^ "Russia demands natural gas payments in rubles, leaves a loophole". Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  74. ^ "Russia's ruble is the strongest currency in the world this year". CBS News. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  75. ^ AFP (29 June 2022). "Russia Mulls FX Interventions To Tame Ruble's Rise". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  76. ^ USD exchange rates in RUB Archived 11 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Bank of Russia
  77. ^ Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2022 (PDF) (Report). Bank for International Settlements. 27 October 2022. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2022.

Sources

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Russian ruble.