2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw

Remarks by President Biden on the United Efforts of the Free World to Support the People of Ukraine
Full video of the speech as published by the White House
DateMarch 26, 2022
(2 years ago) (2022-03-26)
Time18:16 CET (17:16 UTC)
Duration27 minutes
VenueIn the courtyard of the Royal Castle
LocationWarsaw, Poland
Coordinates52°14′52″N 21°00′51″E / 52.2477°N 21.0141°E / 52.2477; 21.0141
TypeSpeech and rally
Cause2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

On March 26, 2022, roughly a month after Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, U.S. president Joe Biden delivered a public speech in the courtyard of the Royal Castle in Warsaw, Poland.

During the speech, Biden framed the military struggle in Ukraine as a fight between autocracy and democracy, and confirmed that under NATO's Article 5, the troops of NATO have "a sacred obligation ... to defend each and every inch of NATO territory with the full force of our collective power". He also praised the "brave and stiff Ukrainian resistance" and "the generosity of ... the Polish people", while making it clear that "the Russian people ... are not our enemy".[1][2]

Near the end of his speech, Biden referred to Russian president Vladimir Putin when he said, "For God's sake, this man cannot remain in power."[1][2] A number of world leaders expressed disapproval over this statement. The Biden administration later stated that these words had not been part of the prepared speech, and that the administration was not proposing a regime change. This remark overshadowed the rest of Biden's speech.

About 11 months later, Biden returned to Warsaw to deliver another speech, in which he reiterated that the current conflict was a fight between democracy and autocracy, and reaffirmed NATO's commitment to Article 5.

Background

Crowds gathering in the square outside the castle before the speech
A fire at a fuel depot in Lviv, caused by a missile attack earlier that day

Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022.[3] In response, NATO scheduled an extraordinary summit in Brussels, Belgium, to take place on the first day of a previously scheduled meeting of the European Council in Brussels, on March 24, 2022.[4][5] German chancellor Olaf Scholz, who held the rotating presidency of the G7 that year, invited the other G7 leaders to a summit to be held on the same day in Brussels.[6][7][8][a]

In March, U.S. president Joe Biden flew to Europe and attended all three meetings in person.[10] Afterward, Biden continued on to Poland, where he spoke to U.S. troops, conferred with Polish president Andrzej Duda, and met with humanitarian aid workers and Ukrainian refugees.[10][b] After seeing the refugees gathered at Warsaw's Stadion Narodowy ('national stadium'), when asked what he thought of Russian president Vladimir Putin, Biden said, "He's a butcher."[11] At the end of his trip, Biden delivered a speech at the Royal Castle in Warsaw, on the evening of March 26, 2022, after rockets had struck a fuel depot in the western Ukrainian city of Lviv earlier that day.[12][13][14]

Biden had spoken in Warsaw previously, at the University of Warsaw in 1997 when he was a U.S. senator.[15] His earlier speech had discussed issues regarding Poland's request to join NATO.[15]

Speech

President Biden delivering the speech in the courtyard of the Royal Castle in Warsaw

Biden delivered his speech from the inner courtyard of the Royal Castle.[13] The speech began at 18:16 CET (17:16 UTC) and lasted 27 minutes.[13][2] Biden opened his speech with a reference to Pope John Paul II and his message to "[b]e not afraid".[1][2] The speech also paid tribute to Lech Wałęsa, leader of the anti-Soviet Solidarity movement during the 1980s.[1][2]

Biden then compared the Russian invasion of Ukraine with events of the previous century when Poland was an oppressed satellite state under the hegemony of the Soviet Union,[16] describing them all as part of a struggle between autocracy and democracy, and warned that there was still a "long fight ahead".[17][18][2] He asserted that "the battle for democracy ... did not conclude with the end of the Cold War", and that Russia was "strangl[ing] democracy", both domestically and abroad.[17][18][2] He then reaffirmed the commitment that NATO members had made under Article 5, calling it "a sacred obligation ... to defend each and every inch of NATO territory with the full force of our collective power".[12][19][20][2]

Biden also stated that the invading Russians had met "brave and stiff Ukrainian resistance", contrary to Putin's expectations.[1][2] Biden also mentioned that he was "struck by the generosity of ... the Polish people" in their efforts to help Ukrainian refugees.[21][2] Biden also reached out to the Russian people, stating that "the Russian people ... are not our enemy", and telling them that "this war is not worthy of you".[17][22][2]

Biden then listed three points that he said the invasion had made clear: (1) Europe must end its reliance on Russian fossil fuels, (2) corruption in the Kremlin must be rooted out, and (3) democracies of the world must unite in a fight against autocracy.[17][18][2] Biden described the last point, the fight against autocracy, as "the task of our time ... [t]he task of this generation".[18][2]

Near the end of his speech, immediately before he said his farewells, Biden referred to Putin when he stated, "For God's sake, this man cannot remain in power."[23] This statement appeared to conflict with previously established U.S. policy, which had not advocated for a regime change.[10][23][c] A Biden administration official stated that this remark was not part of the prepared speech.[10][d] Minutes after the speech ended, the administration had already begun walking back the president's words.[23] One of Biden's officials stated that Biden had meant that "Putin cannot be allowed to exercise power over his neighbors or the region", and that Biden was not referring to Putin's exercise of power in Russia.[12][23]

Reactions

Audience members in the courtyard

In reference to Biden's final remarks, Kremlin press secretary Dmitry Peskov stated, "This is not to be decided by Mr. Biden. It should only be a choice of the people of the Russian Federation."[12] Peskov denounced the use of "[p]ersonal insults like this", and stated that "[a] state leader should control his temper".[11] Russian billionaire Oleg Deripaska stated that Biden's speech hinted at the start of some form of "hellish ideological mobilisation" that could prolong the invasion.[11]

French president Emmanuel Macron stated that he would not have chosen to use Biden's words during an already precarious situation, and added that his own goal was to "achiev[e] first a ceasefire and then the total withdrawal of [Russian] troops by diplomatic means".[11] U.K. education minister Nadhim Zahawi called it "a very powerful speech" and added that he thought "both the US and the UK agree that it's up to the Russian people to decide who should be governing them".[11] İbrahim Kalın, adviser to the Turkish president, stated, "We have to create an environment in which every country ... feel[s] safe enough in the international order that they do not resort to any kind of disruptive action."[24]

The nine-word comment that Biden ad-libbed at the end of his speech distracted from the rest of his message.[23] Aaron David Miller, senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, observed that Biden's "one-liner ... drown[ed] out the intent of the speech [as] that's exactly what people are focusing on", and described the remark as "a gaffe from the heart".[23] Richard Haass, president of the Council on Foreign Relations, stated that Biden's words would lower the chances of finding a compromise with Putin, and that although the administration backpedalled from the statement within minutes, "[t]he problem is, from Putin's point of view the president revealed his and our true intentions".[23]

Aftermath

Nearly a year later, and days before the anniversary of the start of Russia's full-scale invasion, Biden returned to Warsaw's Royal Castle to deliver another speech, which reiterated his point that the world was witnessing a battle between autocracy and democracy, and that the members of NATO would defend "every inch of NATO territory".[25][26][e] The speech was made a day after Biden paid a visit to Kyiv, his first to Ukraine during the invasion, and was delivered hours after Putin had given his own Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly at Gostiny Dvor in Moscow, in which he announced that Russia was suspending its participation in the nuclear disarmament treaty New START.[28][29][30]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The G7 summit in Brussels was said to be "embedded in the NATO summit and the European Council", while the 48th G7 summit was hosted by Scholz at Schloss Elmau in Bavaria later that year.[9][8]
  2. ^ During his trip, Biden mentioned that he had wished to get a closer look at the situation in Ukraine.[10] He stated that "[t]hey will not let me understandably, I guess, cross the border and take a look at what's going on in Ukraine", due to security issues.[10]
  3. ^ Earlier in the month, U.S. secretary of state Antony Blinken had stated, "For us, it's not about regime change. The Russian people have to decide who they want to lead them".[10]
  4. ^ The Washington Post noted that when Biden strayed from previously prepared words, it often occurred near the end of a speech.[23]
  5. ^ Biden spoke in the lower gardens of the castle in 2023, in front of the Kubicki Arcades.[27]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Politi, James (March 27, 2022). "Joe Biden's fierce rhetoric departs from balancing act over Russia". Financial Times. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Remarks by President Biden on the United Efforts of the Free World to Support the People of Ukraine". The White House. March 26, 2022. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  3. ^ Latschan, Thomas (June 16, 2022). "Ukraine: Why do world leaders take the night train to Kyiv?". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  4. ^ Klein, Betsy; Liptak, Kevin; Collins, Kaitlan; Sullivan, Kate (March 15, 2022). "Biden to join NATO leaders in Brussels and attend European Council summit next week amid Ukraine war". CNN. Archived from the original on March 16, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  5. ^ "European Council, 24–25 March 2022". The Council of the European Union and the European Council. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  6. ^ "Germany takes over the G7 Presidency". Website of the Federal Government – Bundesregierung. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  7. ^ Liptak, Kevin (March 24, 2022). "Biden and Western leaders plan new ways to punish Russia for its war in Ukraine at emergency summits". CNN. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  8. ^ a b Carrel, Paul (March 18, 2022). "Germany's Scholz invites G7 leaders to summit next Thursday". Reuters. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  9. ^ Eder, Florian (June 28, 2022). "Scholz the debutant: 9 takeaways from the G7 summit in Germany". Politico. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Vazquez, Maegan; Feldscher, Kyle (March 26, 2022). "8 takeaways from Biden's trip to Europe". CNN. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  11. ^ a b c d e Jones, Sam (March 27, 2022). "Macron warns against inflammatory words after Biden's Putin remark". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  12. ^ a b c d Liptak, Kevin; Vazquez, Maegan (March 26, 2022). "Biden says Putin 'cannot remain in power'". CNN. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  13. ^ a b c Liptak, Kevin (February 21, 2023). "Biden issues a rallying cry in Warsaw: 'Ukraine will never be a victory for Russia'". CNN. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  14. ^ "Rockets Hit Near Lviv In Western Ukraine As Biden Wraps Up Visit To Poland By Meeting Refugees". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. March 26, 2022. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  15. ^ a b "Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr.'s Speech before the Euro-Atlantic Association in Warsaw". U.S. Embassy and Consulate in Poland. March 21, 2022. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  16. ^ "Poland: From Soviet satellite to 'Tiger of Europe'". CNN. May 30, 2009. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  17. ^ a b c d Watson, Kathryn; Reardon, Sophie (March 26, 2022). "Biden says Putin "cannot remain in power" during speech in Poland". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  18. ^ a b c d Glenza, Jessica (March 26, 2022). "Biden summons history in sweeping call for renewed alliance of democracies". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  19. ^ Tasolides, Justin (March 26, 2022). "Biden to Ukraine: 'We stand with you, period'". Spectrum News NY1. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  20. ^ "'Your freedom is ours,' Biden tells Poles, NATO's Article 5 'is a sacred commitment'". Polskie Radio English Section. March 26, 2022. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  21. ^ "Biden hits out at Putin during Warsaw address". Deutsche Welle. March 26, 2022. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  22. ^ "Russian people, are not our enemy, US President Joe Biden says". WION. March 27, 2022. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h Pager, Tyler; Viser, Matt (March 26, 2022). "How Biden sparked a global uproar with nine ad-libbed words about Putin". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  24. ^ Wintour, Patrick (March 27, 2022). "Biden's Putin ad-lib should focus west on what its endgame should be". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  25. ^ Troianovski, Anton; Hopkins, Valerie; Bengali, Shashank; Sanger, David E. (February 21, 2023). "'Our Support Will Not Waver,' Biden Says After Putin Signals Sharper Break". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  26. ^ "Remarks by President Biden Ahead of the One-Year Anniversary of Russia's Brutal and Unprovoked Invasion of Ukraine". The White House. February 21, 2023. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  27. ^ Vidal Liy, Macarena (February 21, 2023). "Biden in Poland: 'Ukraine will never be a victory for Russia'". El País English Edition. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  28. ^ Liptak, Kevin (February 20, 2023). "Biden makes surprise visit to Ukraine for first time since full-scale war began". CNN. Archived from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved June 3, 2023.
  29. ^ Borger, Julian (February 21, 2023). "Joe Biden says Russian forces in disarray after year of war in Ukraine". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on October 13, 2022. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
  30. ^ "Presidential Address to Federal Assembly". President of Russia. February 21, 2023. Archived from the original on February 22, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2023.
Wikinews has related news:

Read other articles:

Yi Hwang

Yi HwangNama KoreaHangul이황 Hanja李滉 Alih AksaraI HwangMcCune–ReischauerYi HwangNama penaHangul퇴계 Hanja退溪 Alih AksaraToegyeMcCune–ReischauerT'oegyeNama kehormatanHangul경호 Hanja景浩 Alih AksaraGyeonghoMcCune–ReischauerKyŏnghoNama anumertaHangul문순 Hanja文純 Alih AksaraMunsunMcCune–ReischauerMunsun Yi Hwang (1501-1570) adalah salah seorang dari empat tokoh cendekiawan dan ilmuwan Korea dari Dinasti Joseon, disamping Yi I (Yulgok), Cho Shik(Nammyung), Seong Hon ...

 

 

Esporlatu

Esporlatu IsporlàtuKomuneComune di EsporlatuLokasi Esporlatu di Provinsi SassariNegara ItaliaWilayah SardiniaProvinsiSassari (SS)Pemerintahan • Wali kotaFrancesco Giuseppe FurrioluLuas • Total18,40 km2 (7,10 sq mi)Ketinggian473 m (1,552 ft)Populasi (2016) • Total396[1]Zona waktuUTC+1 (CET) • Musim panas (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Kode pos07010Kode area telepon079Situs webhttp://www.comune.esporlatu.ss.it/index.a...

 

 

دورة صخرية

صورة توضح دورة الصخور في الطبيعة الدورة الصخرية هي مجموعة من العمليات التي تبين نشأة أنواع الصخور: الصخور النارية والصخور الرسوبية والصخور المتحولة وكيفية تكونها والعلاقة بينها. العمليات التي تؤدي إلى تكون الصخور الصخور النارية تتكون الصخور النارية بشكل مباشر من خلال عم�...

DC Animated Movie Universe

American media franchise Not to be confused with DC Animated Universe or DC Universe Animated Original Movies. For similar topics, see DC Universe (disambiguation). DC Animated Movie UniverseThe DC logo, used in every DC franchiseBased onCharactersby DC ComicsProductioncompaniesWarner Bros. AnimationDC EntertainmentDistributed byWarner Home VideoRelease date2013–2020; 2022CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The DC Animated Movie Universe (DCAMU) is an American media franchise and shared uni...

 

 

Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia

Religion in the FSM (2022 estimate)[1]   Catholic (55%)  Protestant (42%)  Other Christian (2%)  Other (1%) Part of a series on theCulture of the Federated States of Micronesia History People Languages Religion Music Sport Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem vte St. Endelienta's Cathedral in Kolonia, Pohnpei State Christianity is the predominant religion in the Federated States of Micronesia and represents an integral part of the nation's...

 

 

Mpok Atiek

Untuk penyanyi yang juga dipanggil Mpok Atiek, lihat Atiek CB. Mpok Hj. AtiekLahirHj. Atiek Riwayati28 Februari 1956 (umur 68)Cirebon, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaKebangsaanIndonesiaNama lainMpok AtiekPekerjaanPemeranpelawakTahun aktif1997—sekarang Hj. Atiek Riwayati (lahir 28 Februari 1956), dikenal sebagai Mpok Atiek adalah pemeran dan pelawak Indonesia keturunan Sunda dan Cirebon.[1][2] Ia memiliki sebuah butik dan studio foto di area Thamrin City yang masing-masi...

Guerra di Corea

Questa voce o sezione sugli argomenti storia e guerra è priva o carente di note e riferimenti bibliografici puntuali. Sebbene vi siano una bibliografia e/o dei collegamenti esterni, manca la contestualizzazione delle fonti con note a piè di pagina o altri riferimenti precisi che indichino puntualmente la provenienza delle informazioni. Puoi migliorare questa voce citando le fonti più precisamente. Segui i suggerimenti dei progetti di riferimento 1, 2. Guerra di Coreaparte della Guerr...

 

 

Radha Mitchell

Radha MitchellRadha Mitchell di acara AACTA Awards di Sydney, Australia, bulan Januari 2012LahirRadha Rani Amber Indigo Ananda Mitchell12 November 1973 (umur 50)Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaPekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1988–sekarang Radha Rani Amber Indigo Ananda Mitchell (lahir 12 November 1973) merupakan seorang aktris Australia. Ia memulai kariernya di serial televisi dan film Australia. Kemudian, ia berkarier di beberapa film Hollywood, seperti High Art, Pitch Black, Phone Boot...

 

 

Sinyo Harry Sarundajang

Artikel biografi ini ditulis menyerupai resume atau daftar riwayat hidup (Curriculum Vitae). Tolong bantu perbaiki agar netral dan ensiklopedis. Sinyo Harry Sarundajang Duta Besar Indonesia untuk Filipina Masa jabatan20 Februari 2018 – 13 Februari 2021PresidenJoko WidodoPendahuluJohny LumintangPenggantiAgus WidjojoGubernur Sulawesi Utara Ke-11Masa jabatan14 September 2010 – 20 September 2015PresidenSusilo Bambang YudhoyonoJoko WidodoWakilDjouhari KansilPenggantiOlly ...

Louis Calhern

Louis CalhernCalhern pada tahun 1946LahirCarl Henry Vogt(1895-02-19)19 Februari 1895Brooklyn, New York, ASMeninggal12 Mei 1956(1956-05-12) (umur 61)Tokyo, JepangSebab meninggalSerangan jantungMakamHollywood Forever CemeteryPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif1921-1956Suami/istriIlka Chase (1900-1978) (m.1926-1927; bercerai) Julia Hoyt (1897-1955) (m.1927-1932; bercerai) Natalie Schafer (1900-1991)(m.1933-1942; bercerai) Marianne Stewart (1922-1992) (m.1946-1955; bercerai) Louis Calhern d...

 

 

Красное Село

Не следует путать с Царским Селом. У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Красное Село (значения). Город[1]Красное Село Флаг Герб 59°44′01″ с. ш. 30°05′10″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект Федерации Санкт-Петербург Район Красносельский История и геогра...

 

 

西遊記大結局之仙履奇緣

本條目存在以下問題，請協助改善本條目或在討論頁針對議題發表看法。 此條目需要編修，以確保文法、用詞、语气、格式、標點等使用恰当。 (2013年8月6日)請按照校對指引，幫助编辑這個條目。（幫助、討論） 此條目剧情、虛構用語或人物介紹过长过细，需清理无关故事主轴的细节、用語和角色介紹。 (2020年10月6日)劇情、用語和人物介紹都只是用於了解故事主軸，輔助�...

Salubanua, Mambi, Mamasa

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Salubanua, Mambi, Mamasa – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR SalubanuaDesaNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSulawesi BaratKabupatenMamasaKecamatanMambiKode Kemendagri76.03.01.2016 Luas... km²...

 

 

Kelsey Museum of Archaeology

Archaeology museum in Ann Arbor, MichiganKelsey Museum of ArchaeologyFormer nameMuseum of Classical ArchaeologyEstablished1928 (1928)LocationNewberry Hall434 S. State StAnn Arbor, MichiganTypearchaeology museumAccreditationAmerican Alliance of MuseumsCollectionsprehistoric through medieval timesCollection size>100,000DirectorNicola TerrenatoOwnerUniversity of MichiganWebsitelsa.umich.edu/kelseyNewberry HallU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesMichigan State Historic Site Show map ...

 

 

Magazine (artillery)

Place of storage for ammunition or other explosive material Not to be confused with Magazine (firearms). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Magazine artillery – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Colonial Williamsburg mag...

Ayam-ayam tikus

Ayam-ayam tikus Canthidermis maculata Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN190444 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataOrdoTetraodontiformesFamiliBalistidaeGenusCanthidermisSpesiesCanthidermis maculata (Bloch, 1786) Tata namaProtonimBalistes maculatus lbs Canthidermis maculata, juga dikenal sebagai pogot mutiara atau ayam-ayam tikus, adalah spesies ayam-ayam yang berasal dari lautan tropis dan subtropis di seluruh dunia. Tidak seperti kebanyakan ayam-ayam, mereka kebanyakan bersifat pelagis. Di...

 

 

Rebel Without a Cause

1955 American film directed by Nicholas Ray Rebel Without a CauseTheatrical release posterDirected byNicholas RayScreenplay byStewart SternIrving Shulman (adaptation)Story byNicholas RayProduced byDavid WeisbartStarringJames DeanNatalie WoodSal MineoJim BackusAnn DoranCorey AllenWilliam HopperCinematographyErnest HallerEdited byWilliam H. ZieglerMusic byLeonard RosenmanProductioncompanyWarner Bros. PicturesDistributed byWarner Bros. PicturesRelease date October 27, 1955 (1955-1...

 

 

Leconte de Lisle

French poet (1818–1894) Leconte de LisleBornCharles Marie René Leconte de Lisle(1818-10-22)22 October 1818Saint-Paul, Réunion, FranceDied17 July 1894(1894-07-17) (aged 75)Voisins (near Louveciennes), FranceOccupationPoet, writer, translatorPeriod1846–1894Literary movementParnassian poetsNotable worksPoèmes antiques, Poèmes barbares, Poèmes tragiques, A People's history of the French Revolution (Histoire populaire de la révolution française), A People's History of Christianity ...

شيدي (عرقية)

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع شيدي (توضيح). سيديمعلومات عامةالشتات شتات إفريقي التعداد الكليالتعداد 50,000 – 60,000 (تقدير)مناطق الوجود المميزة كارناتاكا، كيرلا، كجرات، ماهاراشترا[1] السند (إقليم) وبلوشستان (باكستان).الهند 19,514[2][3]            ...

 

 

Pemilihan awal

Bagian dari seri PolitikPemilihan Jenis Pemilihan sela Korporat Langsung / Tidak langsung Terbuka / Tertutup Jangka tetap Umum Lokal Paruh waktu Kemajemukan Pendahuluan Berimbang Pelengseran Awal Undi Sistem dua putaran Istilah Pemilih anonim Alokasi kursi Audit Persaingan Penetapan daerah pemilihan Pemungutan suara silang Kolese elektoral Undang-undang pemilihan umum Masa tenang kampanye Pembatasan daerah pemilihan Inisiatif rakyat Psefologi Pemungutan suara rahasia Hak suara Bagian penting ...