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Castle Square
	Castle Square in 2024, with Sigismund's Column (center), Royal Castle (right) and Warsaw's Old Town and St. John's Cathedral (top)
Native name	plac Zamkowy (Polish)
Type	Square
Maintained by	Warsaw City Council
Location	Śródmieście, Warsaw, Poland
Coordinates	52°14′51″N 21°0′49″E / 52.24750°N 21.01361°E
South	Royal Road
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, vi
Designated	1980
Part of	Historic Centre of Warsaw
Reference no.	30bis
Historic Monument of Poland
Designated	1994-09-08
Part of	Warsaw – historic city center with the Royal Route and Wilanów
Reference no.	M.P. 1994 nr 50 poz. 423

Castle Square (Polish: plac Zamkowy, pronounced [ˈplat͡s zamˈkɔ.vɘ]) is a historic square in front of the Royal Castle – the former official residence of Polish monarchs – located in Warsaw, Poland. It is a popular meeting place for tourists and locals. The square, of somewhat triangular shape, features the landmark Sigismund's Column to the south-west, and is surrounded by historic townhouses. It marks the beginning of the bustling Royal Route extending to the south.

History

The column commemorating King Sigismund III of Poland (a work by Clemente Molli, erected in 1644) is the oldest and one of the symbolic landmarks of the city and the first secular monument in the form of a column in modern history.

On the east side of the square stands the Royal Castle, reconstructed after the devastation of World War II. It was formerly the residence of the dukes of Mazovia, and then of the Polish kings and grand dukes of Lithuania from the 16th to 18th centuries. The Germans bombed and blew it up at the beginning of World War II (September 1939), and then it was completely destroyed in 1944–45 (see picture below).

In 1949, the square was connected by an escalator to the newly formed Route W-Z [ pl ] (East-West Route), which runs under Castle Square through a tunnel; and the viaduct (leading to the Silesian-Dąbrowski Bridge) was built in the place of viaduct Pancer, destroyed during World War II. In 1907, the viaduct was modernized to handle electric trams that went over there less than a year later.

This square has witnessed many dramatic scenes in Polish history. Patriotic demonstrations took place there during the period before the outbreak of the January uprising of 1863. On 27 February 1861, Russian bullets killed five people. On 8 April 1861, five rota of infantry and two troops of Russian cavalry (about 1,300 people) led by General Stepan Aleksandrovich Khrulyov [ ru ] carried out a bloody massacre of civilians, resulting in the deaths of more than 100 people.^[3]

During martial law on 3 May 1982, the square became the scene of the particularly brutal riot, with ZOMO police rushing through demonstrations.

Events

The square is a hub for tourists and locals, who gather to watch street entertainers, participate in rallies, watch concerts and even engage in breakdancing. In 1997, at the Castle Square, US President Bill Clinton gave a speech welcoming Poland to membership in NATO.^[4]

Castle Square featured the United Buddy Bears exhibition in summer 2008 – an array of 140 two-metre-high sculptures, each designed by a different artist, touring the world as a symbol of cultural understanding, tolerance and mutual trust.^[5] According to official information, more than 1.5 million visitors were counted.

Notes

^ Zarządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 8 września 1994 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii., M.P., 1994, vol. 50, No. 423
^ Source: (Polish): Adolf Ciborowski: O zniszczeniu i odbudowie miasta (A City Destroyed and Rebuilt), Warszawa 1969, Poland: "Interpress" Publishers, p.63
^ Kieniewicz, Stefan (1983). Warszawa w powstaniu styczniowym (in Polish). ISBN 83-01-03652-4.
^ "Archiwum działalności Prezydenta RP w latach 1997–2005". prezydent.pl (in Polish). 15 January 1998. Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
^ "United Buddy Bears in Warsaw". buddy-baer.com. 15 January 1998. Retrieved 25 January 2010.