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Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic
Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic
Native to	Jordan
Language family	Arabic-based pidgin Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	None (mis)
Glottolog	jord1239

Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic (JBPA) is an Arabic pidgin spoken in Jordan. The pidgin was formed from contact between the Jordanian Arabic and Bengali languages.^[1] UNESCO classifies it as "endangered/unsafe".^[2]

Grammar

The past/perfect and the present/imperfect in Jordanian Benagli Pidgin Arabic are not preserved. Imperfect aspect is interchangeably used for the past and the present tense. This lack of inflection for tense can be compensated either by context or by the existence of some adverbs, such as ʕawwal, gabul and badēn. Moreover, the tense/aspect might expressed by the use of the JBPA copula fī.

Phonology

Consonants^[3]
		Bilabial	Labial	Interdental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	Voiceless				t		k			ʔ
Plosive	Voiced	b			d		g			ʔ
Fricative	Voiceless		f	θ	s	ç		χ	ħ	h
Fricative	Voiced			ð	z	ʝ		ʁ	ʕ
Affricative	Voiceless					cç
Affricative	Voiced					z
Nasal		m			n
Tap					r
Approximant			w		l	j	ɰ

JBPA underwent several phoneme shifts from Jordanian Arabic.^[4]

The glottal stop /ʔ/ was, in most of the contexts, realized as a long vowel or was lost

Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic speakers sometimes replaced the unvoiced labiodental fricative /f/ with the unvoiced stop /p/

The interdental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ have been replaced bytheir dental plosive counterparts /t/ and /d/

The voiced fricative /z/, it sometimes shifts into its voiceless counterpart /s/

The velar fricatives /ɣ/ and /x/ shifted to /k/ and /g/

The pharyngeal /ħ/ is pronounced either as a slight /h/ or as a long vowel

The Palatal Affricate /dʒ/ is substituted with the fricative /z/

References

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
^ "Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic". UNESCO WAL. Retrieved 2023-05-18.
^ Al-Haq, Fawwaz Al-Abed; Al-Salman, Ibrahim (May 2014). "Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Arabic" (PDF). US-China Foreign Language. 12: 339. ISSN 1539-8080.
^ Alsalman, Ibrahim (2013-08-01). "Jordanian Pidgin Arabic". Academia.edu. Archived from the original on 2024-01-03. Retrieved 2024-03-08.