Supergroup (physics)

The concept of supergroup is a generalization of that of group. In other words, every supergroup carries a natural group structure, but there may be more than one way to structure a given group as a supergroup. A supergroup is like a Lie group in that there is a well defined notion of smooth function defined on them. However the functions may have even and odd parts. Moreover, a supergroup has a super Lie algebra which plays a role similar to that of a Lie algebra for Lie groups in that they determine most of the representation theory and which is the starting point for classification.

Details

More formally, a Lie supergroup is a supermanifold G together with a multiplication morphism $\mu :G\times G\rightarrow G$ , an inversion morphism $i:G\rightarrow G$ and a unit morphism $e:1\rightarrow G$ which makes G a group object in the category of supermanifolds. This means that, formulated as commutative diagrams, the usual associativity and inversion axioms of a group continue to hold. Since every manifold is a supermanifold, a Lie supergroup generalises the notion of a Lie group.

There are many possible supergroups. The ones of most interest in theoretical physics are the ones which extend the Poincaré group or the conformal group. Of particular interest are the orthosymplectic groups Osp(M|N)^[1] and the superunitary groups SU(M|N).

An equivalent algebraic approach starts from the observation that a supermanifold is determined by its ring of supercommutative smooth functions, and that a morphism of supermanifolds corresponds one to one with an algebra homomorphism between their functions in the opposite direction, i.e. that the category of supermanifolds is opposite to the category of algebras of smooth graded commutative functions. Reversing all the arrows in the commutative diagrams that define a Lie supergroup then shows that functions over the supergroup have the structure of a Z₂-graded Hopf algebra. Likewise the representations of this Hopf algebra turn out to be Z₂-graded comodules. This Hopf algebra gives the global properties of the supergroup.

There is another related Hopf algebra which is the dual of the previous Hopf algebra. It can be identified with the Hopf algebra of graded differential operators at the origin. It only gives the local properties of the symmetries i.e., it only gives information about infinitesimal supersymmetry transformations. The representations of this Hopf algebra are modules. Like in the non-graded case, this Hopf algebra can be described purely algebraically as the universal enveloping algebra of the Lie superalgebra.

In a similar way one can define an affine algebraic supergroup as a group object in the category of superalgebraic affine varieties. An affine algebraic supergroup has a similar one to one relation to its Hopf algebra of superpolynomials. Using the language of schemes, which combines the geometric and algebraic point of view, algebraic supergroup schemes can be defined including super Abelian varieties.

Examples

The Super-Poincaré group is the group of isometries of superspace (specifically, Minkowski superspace with ${\mathcal {N}}$ supercharges, where often ${\mathcal {N}}$ is taken to be 1). It is most often treated at the algebra level, and is generated by the Super-Poincaré algebra.

The Super-conformal group is the group of conformal symmetries of superspace, generated by the super-conformal algebra.

Notes

^ (M|N) is pronounced "M vertical bar N." Bosonic part of Osp(M|N) consists of the direct sum of Sp(N) and SO(M) Lie groups. See superspace for a general definition. (cf. Larus Thorlacius, Thordur Jonsson (eds.), M-Theory and Quantum Geometry, Springer, 2012, p. 263).

References

supergroup in nLab

v t e Supersymmetry
General topics	Supersymmetry Supersymmetric gauge theory Supersymmetric quantum mechanics Supergravity Superstring theory Super vector space Supergeometry
Supermathematics	Superalgebra Lie superalgebra Super-Poincaré algebra Superconformal algebra Supersymmetry algebra Supergroup Superspace Harmonic superspace Super Minkowski space Supermanifold
Concepts	Supercharge R-symmetry Supermultiplet Short supermultiplet BPS state Superpotential D-term FI D-term F-term Moduli space Supersymmetry breaking Konishi anomaly Seiberg duality Seiberg–Witten theory Witten index Wess–Zumino gauge Localization Mu problem Little hierarchy problem Electric–magnetic duality
Theorems	Coleman–Mandula Haag–Łopuszański–Sohnius Nonrenormalization
Field theories	Wess–Zumino N = 1 super Yang–Mills 4D N = 1 N = 4 super Yang–Mills Super QCD MSSM NMSSM 6D (2,0) superconformal ABJM superconformal
Supergravity	Pure 4D N = 1 supergravity 4D N = 1 supergravity N = 8 supergravity Higher dimensional 11D supergravity Type I supergravity Type IIA supergravity Type IIB supergravity Gauged supergravity
Superpartners	Axino Chargino Gaugino Goldstino Graviphoton Graviscalar Higgsino LSP Neutralino R-hadron Sfermion Sgoldstino Stop squark Superghost
Researchers	Affleck Bagger Batchelor Berezin Dine Fayet Gates Golfand Iliopoulos Montonen Olive Salam Seiberg Siegel Roček Rogers Wess Witten Zumino

v t e String theory
Background	Strings Cosmic strings History of string theory First superstring revolution Second superstring revolution String theory landscape
Theory	Nambu–Goto action Polyakov action Bosonic string theory Superstring theory Type I string Type II string Type IIA string Type IIB string Heterotic string N=2 superstring F-theory String field theory Matrix string theory Non-critical string theory Non-linear sigma model Tachyon condensation RNS formalism GS formalism
String duality	T-duality S-duality U-duality Montonen–Olive duality
Particles and fields	Graviton Dilaton Tachyon Ramond–Ramond field Kalb–Ramond field Magnetic monopole Dual graviton Dual photon
Branes	D-brane NS5-brane M2-brane M5-brane S-brane Black brane Black holes Black string Brane cosmology Quiver diagram Hanany–Witten transition
Conformal field theory	Virasoro algebra Mirror symmetry Conformal anomaly Conformal algebra Superconformal algebra Vertex operator algebra Loop algebra Kac–Moody algebra Wess–Zumino–Witten model
Gauge theory	Anomalies Instantons Chern–Simons form Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound Exceptional Lie groups (G₂, F₄, E₆, E₇, E₈) ADE classification Dirac string p-form electrodynamics
Geometry	Worldsheet Kaluza–Klein theory Compactification Why 10 dimensions? Kähler manifold Ricci-flat manifold Calabi–Yau manifold Hyperkähler manifold K3 surface G₂ manifold Spin(7)-manifold Generalized complex manifold Orbifold Conifold Orientifold Moduli space Hořava–Witten theory K-theory (physics) Twisted K-theory
Supersymmetry	Supergravity Eleven-dimensional supergravity Type I supergravity Type IIA supergravity Type IIB supergravity Superspace Lie superalgebra Lie supergroup
Holography	Holographic principle AdS/CFT correspondence
M-theory	Matrix theory Introduction to M-theory
String theorists	Aganagić Arkani-Hamed Atiyah Banks Berenstein Bousso Curtright Dijkgraaf Distler Douglas Duff Dvali Ferrara Fischler Friedan Gates Gliozzi Gopakumar Green Greene Gross Gubser Gukov Guth Hanson Harvey 't Hooft Hořava Gibbons Kachru Kaku Kallosh Kaluza Kapustin Klebanov Knizhnik Kontsevich Klein Linde Maldacena Mandelstam Marolf Martinec Minwalla Moore Motl Mukhi Myers Nanopoulos Năstase Nekrasov Neveu Nielsen van Nieuwenhuizen Novikov Olive Ooguri Ovrut Polchinski Polyakov Rajaraman Ramond Randall Randjbar-Daemi Roček Rohm Sagnotti Scherk Schwarz Seiberg Sen Shenker Siegel Silverstein Sơn Staudacher Steinhardt Strominger Sundrum Susskind Townsend Trivedi Turok Vafa Veneziano Verlinde Verlinde Wess Witten Yau Yoneya Zamolodchikov Zamolodchikov Zaslow Zumino Zwiebach

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