The earliest known film Macbeth was 1905's American short Death Scene From Macbeth, and short versions were produced in Italy in 1909 and France in 1910. Two notable early versions are lost: Ludwig Landmann produced a 47-minute version in Germany in 1913, and D. W. Griffith produced a 1916 version in America featuring the noted stage actor Herbert Beerbohm Tree.[1] Tree is said to have had great difficulties adapting to the new medium, and especially in confining himself to the small number of lines in the (silent) screenplay, until an ingenious cameraman allowed him to play his entire part to an empty camera, after which a real camera shot the film.[2]
Twentieth century
In 1947, David Bradley produced an independent film of Macbeth, intended for distribution to schools, most notable for the designer of its eighty-three costumes: the soon-to-be-famous Charlton Heston.[3]
Orson Welles and Jeanette Nolan as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in Welles' 1948 film adaptation of the play.
Orson Welles' 1948 Macbeth, in the director's words a "violently sketched charcoal drawing of a great play",[4] was filmed in only 23 days and on a budget of just $700,000. These filming conditions allowed only a single abstract set, and eclectic costumes. Dialogue was pre-recorded, enabling the actors to perform very long individual takes, including one of over ten minutes surrounding the death of Duncan.[5] Welles himself played the central character, who dominates the film, measured both by his time on screen, and by physical presence: high-angle and low-angle shots and deep-focus close-ups are used to distort his size in comparison to other characters.[6] Welles retained from his own 1936 stage production the image of a Voodoo doll controlling the fate of the central character: and at the end it is the doll we see beheaded.[7] The film's allegorical aspect is heightened by Welles' introduction of a non-Shakespearean character, the Holy Father (played by Alan Napier),[8] in opposition to the witches, speaking lines taken from Shakespeare's Ross, Angus and the Old Man.[9] Contemporary reviews were largely negative, particularly criticising Welles' unsympathetic portrayal of the central character. Newsweek commented: "His Macbeth is a static, two-dimensional creature as capable of evil in the first scene as in the final hours of his bloody reign."[10]
Roman Polanski's 1971 Macbeth was the director's first film after the brutal murder of his wife, Sharon Tate, and reflected his determination to "show [Macbeth's] violence the way it is ... [because] if you don't show it realistically then that's immoral and harmful."[13] His film showed deaths only reported in the play, including the execution of Cawdor, and Macbeth stabbing Duncan,[14] and its violence was "intense and incessant".[15] Made in the aftermath of Zeffirelli's youthful Romeo and Juliet, and financed by Playboy mogul Hugh Hefner, Polanski's film featured a young sexy lead couple, played by Jon Finch (28) and by Francesca Annis (25), who controversially performed the sleepwalking scene nude.[16] The unsettling film score, provided by the Third Ear Band, invoked "discord and dissonance".[17] While using Shakespeare's words, Polanski alters aspects of Shakespeare's story, turning the minor character Ross into a ruthless Machiavellian,[18] and adding an epilogue to the play in which Donalbain (younger son of Duncan) arrives at the witches' lair, indicating that the cycle of violence will begin again.[19]
In 1973, the Virginia Museum Theater (VMT, now the Leslie Cheek Theater), presented Macbeth, starring E.G. Marshall. Dubbed by the New York Times as the "'Fowler' Macbeth" after director Keith Fowler, it was described by Clive Barnes as "splendidly vigorous, forcefully immediate... probably the goriest Shakespearean production I have seen since Peter Brook's 'Titus Andronicus'."[20]
In Shakespeare's script, the actor playing Banquo must enter the stage as a ghost. The major film versions have usually taken the opportunity to provide a double perspective: Banquo visible to the audience from Macbeth's perspective, but invisible from the perspective of other characters. Television versions, however, have often taken the third approach of leaving Banquo invisible to viewers, thereby portraying Banquo's ghost as merely Macbeth's delusion. This approach is taken in the 1978 Thames TV production, Jack Gold's 1983 version for BBC Television Shakespeare, and in Penny Woolcock's 1997 Macbeth on the Estate.[24]Macbeth on the Estate largely dispensed with the supernatural in favour of the drug-crime driven realism of characters living on a Birmingham housing estate: except for the three "weird" (in the modern sense of the word) children who prophesy Macbeth's fate.[24] This production used Shakespeare's language, but encouraged the actors – many of whom were locals, not professionals – to speak it naturalistically.[25]
Twenty-first century
Twenty-first-century cinema has re-interpreted Macbeth, relocating "Scotland" elsewhere: Maqbool to Mumbai, Scotland, PA to Pennsylvania, Geoffrey Wright's Macbeth to Melbourne, and Allison L. LiCalsi's 2001 Macbeth: The Comedy to a location only differentiated from the reality of New Jersey, where it was filmed, through signifiers such as tartan, Scottish flags and bagpipes.[26]Alexander Abela's 2001 Makibefo was set among, and starred, residents of Faux Cap, a remote fishing community in Madagascar.[27]Leonardo Henriquez' 2000 Sangrador (in English: Bleeder) set the story among Venezuelan bandits and presented a shockingly visualised horror version.[28]
In 2004 an "eccentric" Swedish/Norwegian film, based on Alex Scherpf's Ice Globe Theatre production of Macbeth, was said by critic Daniel Rosenthal to owe "more to co-director Bo Landin's background in natural history documentaries than to Shakespeare."[29] More conventional adaptations of 21st-century stage productions to television include Greg Doran's RSC production filmed in 2001 with Antony Sher and Harriet Walter in the central roles,[30] and Rupert Goold's Chichester Festival TheatreMacbeth televised in 2010 with Patrick Stewart and Kate Fleetwood as the tragic couple. The cast of the latter felt that the history of their stage performance (moving from a small space at Chichester to a large proscenium arch stage in London to a huge auditorium in Brooklyn) made it easier for them to "re-scale", yet again, their performances for the cameras.[31]
In 2006, Geoffrey Wright directed a Shakespearean-language, extremely violent Macbeth set in the Melbourne underworld. Sam Worthington played Macbeth. Victoria Hill played Lady Macbeth and shared the screenplay credits with Wright.[32] The director considered her portrayal of Lady Macbeth to be the most sympathetic he had ever seen.[33] In spite of the high level of violence and nudity (Macbeth has sex with the three naked schoolgirl witches as they prophesy his fate), intended to appeal to the young audiences that had flocked to Romeo + Juliet, the film flopped at the box office.[34]
Also in 2015, Brazilian film A Floresta que se Move (The Moving Forest) premiered at the Montreal World Film Festival.[35] Directed by Vinícius Coimbra and starred by Gabriel Braga Nunes and Ana Paula Arósio, the film uses a modern-day setting, replacing the throne of Scotland with the presidency of a high-ranked bank.[36][37][38]
In 1957, Akira Kurosawa used the Macbeth story as the basis for the "universally acclaimed"[43]Kumunosu-jo (in English known as Throne of Blood or (the literal translation of its title) Spiderweb Castle).[44] The film is a Japanese period-piece (jidai-geki), drawing upon elements of Noh theatre, especially in its depiction of the evil spirit who takes the part of Shakespeare's witches, and of Asaji, the Lady Macbeth character, played by Isuzu Yamada,[45] and upon Kabuki Theatre in its depiction of Washizu, the Macbeth character, played by Toshiro Mifune.[46] In a twist on Shakespeare's ending, the tyrant (having witnessed Spiderweb Forest come to Spiderweb Castle) is killed by volleys of arrows from his own archers after they come to the realization he also lied about the identity of their former master's murderer.[47]
William Reilly's 1991 Men of Respect, another film to set the Macbeth story among gangsters, has been praised for its accuracy in depicting Mafia rituals, said to be more authentic than those in The Godfather or GoodFellas. However the film failed to please audiences or critics: Leonard Maltin found it "pretentious" and "unintentionally comic" and Daniel Rosenthal describes it as "providing the most risible chunks of modernised Shakespeare in screen history."[48]
Billy Morrissette's Scotland, PA reframes the Macbeth story as a comedy-thriller set in a 1975 fast-food restaurant, and features James LeGros in the Macbeth role and Maura Tierney as Pat, the Lady Macbeth character: "We're not bad people, Mac. We're just under-achievers who have to make up for lost time." Christopher Walken plays vegetarian detective Ernie McDuff who (in the words of Daniel Rosenthal) "[applies] his uniquely offbeat menacing delivery to innocuous lines."[49]Scotland, PA's conceit of resetting the Macbeth story at a restaurant was followed in BBC Television's 2005 ShakespeaRe-Told adaptation.[50]
Vishal Bhardwaj's 2003 Maqbool, filmed in Hindi and Urdu and set in the Mumbai underworld, was produced in the Bollywood tradition, but heavily influenced by Macbeth, by Francis Ford Coppola's 1972 The Godfather and by Luc Besson's 1994 Léon.[51] It deviates from the Macbeth story in making the Macbeth character (Miyan Maqbool, played by Irfan Khan) a single man, lusting after the mistress (Nimmi, played by Tabbu) of the Duncan character (Jahangir Khan, known as Abbaji, played by Pankaj Kapoor).[41] Another deviation is the comparative delay in the murder: Shakespeare's protagonists murder Duncan early in the play, but more than half of the film has passed by the time Nimmi and Miyan kill Abbaji.[52]
The 2011 short film Born Villain, directed by Shia LaBeouf and starring Marilyn Manson, was inspired by Macbeth and features multiple scenes where characters quote from it.
In 2014, Classic Alice wove a 10 episode arc placing its characters in the world of Macbeth. The adaptation uses students and a modern-day setting to loosely parallel Shakespeare's play. It starred Kate Hackett, Chris O'Brien, Elise Cantu and Tony Noto and embarked on an LGBTQ plotline.
The 2015 American black and white film, Thane of East County, features actors in a production of Macbeth who mimic the characters they portray.[53]
Men of Respect (United States, 1991) is a retelling of the Macbeth story as a Mafia power struggle in New York City, in modern English, but closely tracking the original plot.
Mandaar (India, 2021) is an Indian Bengali language crime thriller adaptation set in a fishing village in West Bengal, released as a web series and is available on Hoichoi.
Another way in which filmmakers use Shakespearean texts is to feature characters who are actors performing those texts, within a wider non-Shakespearean story. In Opera, the 1987 Italian giallo horror film written and directed by Dario Argento and starring Cristina Marsillach, Urbano Barberini, and Ian Charleson; young opera singer Betty (Marsillach) is reluctantly thrust into the lead role in Verdi's Macbeth. During her first performance, a murder takes place in one of the opera boxes. Mysterious murders continue throughout the film as Betty is stalked and those around her meet their unfortunate end. During the final performance of the opera, the killer is revealed, and Betty must confront her past in a terrifying climax.
^ abcdefghijklmnBurt, Richard (2007). Shakespeares after Shakespeare: an encyclopedia of the bard in mass media and popular culture. Westport: Greenwood press. ISBN978-0-313-33116-9.
^ abMorris, Peter (1964). Shakespeare on film: an index to William Shakespeare's plays on film. Canadian Film Institute.
^Faucett, Hudson; Schaefer, George (1954-11-28), Macbeth (Drama), Maurice Evans, Judith Anderson, House Jameson, Hallmark Hall of Fame Productions, Hallmark Productions, Maurice Evans Productions, retrieved 2024-12-09
^Schaefer, George (1960-11-20), Macbeth (Drama), Maurice Evans, Judith Anderson, Michael Hordern, Grand Prize Films, Hallmark Hall of Fame Productions, retrieved 2024-12-09
Brode, Douglas (2001). Shakespeare at the Movies: From the Silent Era to Today. Berkley Boulevard.
Brooke, Nicholas, ed. (1990). The Tragedy of Macbeth. By William Shakespeare. The Oxford Shakespeare ser. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0199535835.
Brown, John Russell, ed. (1995). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Theatre. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-285442-9.
Brown, Langdon (1986). Shakespeare around the Globe: A Guide to Notable Postwar Revivals. Greenwood Press.
Burnett, Mark Thornton and Wray, Ramona (eds.) (2006). Screening Shakespeare in the Twenty-First Century. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN0-7486-2351-5. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Forsyth, Neil Shakespeare the Illusionist: Filming the Supernatural in Jackson (2000, 274–294)
Freedman, Barbara Critical Junctures in Shakespeare Screen History: The Case of Richard III in Jackson (2000, 47–71)
Garber, Marjorie B. (2008). Profiling Shakespeare. Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-96446-3.
Gay, Penny Women and Shakespearean Performance in Wells and Stanton (2002, 155–173)
Gillies, John; Minami, Ryuta; Li, Ruri and Trivedi, Poonam Shakespeare on the Stages of Asia in Wells and Stanton (2002, 259–283)
Greenhalgh, Susanne Shakespeare Overheard: Performances, Adaptations and Citations on Radio in Shaughnessy (2007, 175–198).
Guntner, J. Lawrence Hamlet, Macbeth and King Lear on Film in Jackson (2000, 117–134), especially the section Macbeth: of Kings, Castles and Witches at 123–128.
Gurr, Andrew. 1992. The Shakespearean Stage 1574-1642. Third ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-42240-X.
Halliday, F. E. (1964). A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1965. Penguin.
Hawkes, Terence Shakespeare's Afterlife: Introduction in Welles and Orlin (2003, 571–581)
Hodgdon, Barbara and Worthen, W. B. (eds.) (2005). A Companion to Shakespeare and Performance. Blackwell Publishing Limited. ISBN978-1-4051-8821-0. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Holland, Peter Touring Shakespeare in Wells and Stanton (2002, 194–211)
Holland, Peter Shakespeare Abbreviated in Shaughnessy (2007, 26–45)
Hortmann, Wilhelm Shakespeare on the Political Stage in the Twentieth Century in Wells and Stanton (2002, 212–229)
Howard, Tony Shakespeare on Film and Video in Wells and Orlin (2003, 607–619)
Jackson, Russell, ed. (2000). The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-63975-1.
Jess-Cooke, Carolyn Screening the McShakespeare in Post-Millennial Shakespeare Cinema in Burnett and Wray (2006, 163–184).
Kermode, Frank (1974). "Macbeth". In Evans, C. Blakemore (ed.). The Riverside Shakespeare. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 1307–11. ISBN0-395-04402-2.
Lanier, Douglas (2002). Shakespeare and Modern Popular Culture. Oxford Shakespeare Topics. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-818703-3.
Marsden, Jean I. "Improving Shakespeare: From the Restoration to Garrick." The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage, Cambridge UP, Cambridge, England, 2002, pp. 21–36.
Mason, Pamela Orson Welles and Filmed Shakespeare in Jackson (2000, 183–198), especially the section Macbeth (1948) at 184–189.
McKernan, Luke and Terris, Olwen (1994). Walking Shadows: Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive. British Film Institute. ISBN0-85170-486-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
McLuskie, Kathleen Shakespeare Goes Slumming: Harlem '37 and Birmingham '97 in Hodgdon & Worthen (2005, 249–266)
Moody, Jane Romantic Shakespeare in Wells and Stanton (2002, 37–57).
Morrison, Michael A. Shakespeare in North America in Wells and Stanton (2002, 230–258)
Sillars, Stuart (2006). Painting Shakespeare: The Artist as Critic, 1720-1820. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-85308-8.
Smallwood, Robert Twentieth-Century Performance: The Stratford and London Companies in Wells and Stanton (2002, 98–117)
Spurgeon, Caroline (1969). "Shakespeare's Imagery and What It Tells Us". In Wain, John (ed.). Shakespeare: Macbeth: A Casebook. Casebook Series, AC16. Macmillan. pp. 168–177. ISBN0-876-95051-9.
Straczynski, J. Michael (2006). Babylon 5 – The Scripts of J. Michael Straczynski, Vol. 6. Synthetic World.
Wells, Stanley and de Grazia, Margreta (eds.) (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-65881-0. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wells, Stanley and Orlin, Lena Cowen (eds.) (2003). Shakespeare: An Oxford Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-924522-3. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Wells, Stanley and Stanton, Sarah (eds.) (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-79711-X. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
One of nine Islamic saints in Java Kangjeng SusuhunanGiriꦫꦝꦺꦤ꧀ꦥꦏꦸSunan Giri paintingBornRaden Paku1442 CE BlambanganDied1506 CE Sunan Giri Mosque Kebomas, GresikOther namesMuhammad Ainul Yakin Joko SamudroEraMajapahit, Demak Sultanate, Cirebon SultanateOrganizationWalisongoTitleKangjeng Susuhunan GiriParentsMaulana Ishak (father)Dewi Sekardadu (mother) Sunan Giri (also called Raden Paku or Joko Samudro), and Muhammad Ainul Yakin (born 1442 CE in Blambangan, which is no...
John HavlicekHavlicek pada 1960anInformasi pribadiLahir(1940-04-08)8 April 1940Martins Ferry, OhioMeninggal25 April 2019(2019-04-25) (umur 79)Jupiter, FloridaKebangsaanAmerikaTinggi6 ft 5 in (1,96 m)Berat203 pon (92 kg)Informasi karierSekolah menengah atasBridgeport (Bridgeport, Ohio)Perguruan tinggiOhio State (1959–1962)Draf NBA1962 / Babak: 1 / Urutan pemilihan: ke-7 secara keseluruhanDipilih oleh Boston CelticsKarier bermain1962–1978PosisiSmall forward / S...
Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne s'appuie pas, ou pas assez, sur des sources secondaires ou tertiaires (août 2022). Pour améliorer la vérifiabilité de l'article ainsi que son intérêt encyclopédique, il est nécessaire, quand des sources primaires sont citées, de les associer à des analyses faites par des sources secondaires. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Klein. Lawrence KleinFonctionPrésidentBiographieNaissance 14 se...
محمد بن طلال ولي عهد المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية آب 1952 - يناير 1962 الأمير محمد بن طلال في تسعينيات القرن العشرين معلومات شخصية الميلاد 2 أكتوبر 1940 عَمَّان الوفاة 29 أبريل 2021 (80 سنة) [1] عَمَّان مواطنة الأردن الزوجة تغريد هزاع المجالي (1981 -) فريال إرشيد (1964 - 1978) ا...
Misinformation regarding the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the resulting hesitancy towards it This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2021) Part of a series on theCOVID-19 pandemicScientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each ball is an atom. COVID-19 (disease) SARS-CoV-2 (virus) Cases Deaths Timelin...
American game show Let's Make a DealAlso known asThe All New Let's Make a Deal (1984–86)Let's Make a Deal Primetime (2020–present)GenreComedyVariety showGame showMusical comedyCreated byStefan HatosMonty HallDirected byJoe Behar (1963–77, 1984–85)Geoff Theobald (1980–81)Hank Behar (1985–86)Barry Glazer (1990–91)James Marcione (1990–91)Morris Abraham (2003)Lenn Goodside (2009–present)Presented byMonty HallBob HiltonBilly BushWayne BradyStarringAssistant:Carol MerrillMaggie Br...
Waheeda RehmanWaheeda Rehman pada 2012 di acara bincang-bincang NDTV Raveena TandonLahir03 Februari 1938 (umur 86)Chingleput, Kepresidenan Madras, India BritaniaNama lainWaheeda RahmanPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1955–1991, 2002–sekarangKarya terkenalReshma dalam Reshma Aur Shera Rosie Marco/Miss Nalini dalam Guide Rajkumari Neel Kamal/Sita dalam Neel KamalPerawat Radha dalam KhamoshiTinggi5 ft 4 in (163 cm)Suami/istriShashi Rekhi (1974–2000; kematiannya)Ana...
FX Networks' in-house production company FX Productions, LLCCompany typeDivisionIndustryTelevision ProductionFoundedAugust 7, 2007; 16 years ago (2007-08-07)ParentFX Networks20th Century Fox Television (2007–2019)Disney Television Studios (2019–present)Footnotes / references[1] FX Productions, LLC (FXP) is an American television and in-house production company owned by FX Networks (and jointed with Disney Television Studios),[1] a division of the...
Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Atheis (disambiguasi). Atheis Halaman sampul cetakan ke-32PengarangAchdiat Karta MihardjaNegaraIndonesiaBahasaBahasa IndonesiaGenreNovel, romanPenerbitBalai PustakaTanggal terbit1949Jenis mediaCetak (kulit keras & lunak)Halaman224 (cetakan ke-32)ISBNISBN 978-979-407-185-4 (cetakan ke-32) Invalid ISBNOCLC436358542 Atheis adalah sebuah novel karya Achdiat Karta Mihardja yang diterbitkan oleh Balai Pustaka pada 1949. Roman yang menggunakan tiga ...
Fortified wine from Sicily, Italy Not to be confused with Masala, a mixture of spices in South Asian cuisine. Marsala wine Marsala is a fortified wine, dry or sweet, produced in the region surrounding the Italian city of Marsala in Sicily. Marsala first received Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC) status in 1969.[1] The European Union grants Protected designation of origin (PDO) status to Marsala and most other countries limit the use of the term Marsala to products from the Ma...
Person who makes and repairs things made of tin or other light metals A tinsmith at Old Sturbridge Village Tinware desk lamp, late 1930s, Bandelier National Monument. Made by a Civilian Conservation Corps tinsmith. Tinsmiths on the roof of Storkyrkan, Stockholm 1903 A tinsmith is a person who makes and repairs things made of tin or other light metals. The profession may sometimes also be known as a tinner, tinker, tinman, or tinplate worker; whitesmith may also refer to this profession,[1...
У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Горностай (значения). Горностай Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:Челюстнороты...
穆罕默德·达乌德汗سردار محمد داود خان 阿富汗共和國第1任總統任期1973年7月17日—1978年4月28日前任穆罕默德·查希爾·沙阿（阿富汗國王）继任穆罕默德·塔拉基（阿富汗民主共和國革命委員會主席團主席） 阿富汗王國首相任期1953年9月7日—1963年3月10日君主穆罕默德·查希爾·沙阿 个人资料出生(1909-07-18)1909年7月18日 阿富汗王國喀布尔逝世1978年4月28日(...
1970 film BartlebyDVD CoverDirected byAnthony FriedmanScreenplay byRodney Carr-SmithAnthony FriedmanBased onBartleby, the Scrivener; A Story of Wall-street by Herman MelvilleProduced byRodney Carr-SmithStarringPaul ScofieldJohn McEneryThorley WaltersCinematographyIan WilsonEdited byJohn S. SmithMusic byRoger WebbProductioncompaniesPantheon Film ProductionsAmber EntertainmentDistributed byBritish Lion Film CorporationRelease date 18 November 1970 (1970-11-18) (London Film Fe...
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Kapten TNI – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Pangkat militer Indonesia Angkatan Darat Angkatan Laut Angkatan Udara Perwira Jenderal Besar Laksamana Besar Marsekal Besar Jenderal La...
خريطة البحرين المنامة، عاصمة البحرين هذه هي قائمة من المدن والبلدات في البحرين: المدن المشهورة بالبحرين المنامة: عاصمة البحرين وأكبر مدنها.[1] المحرق: تقع شرق مدينة المنامة في شمال البحرين،[2] وبها مطار البحرين الدولي.[3] سترة: تقع مدينة سترة في محافظة العاصمة.[�...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع حرف (توضيح). ميّز عن حرف معنى. حرفمعلومات عامةصنف فرعي من وحدة خطيةalphanumeric character (en) جزء من حرف مزدوجmultigraph (en) كلمة يستخدمه alphabetic writing system (en) syllabic writing system (en) أبجدية لديه جزء أو أجزاء consonant letter (en) vowel letter (en) تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات الحَ�...
For other people with the same name, see Anthony Wilson. British record producer, record owner and television presenter (1950–2007) Tony WilsonHosting TV discussion After Dark in 2003BornAnthony Howard Wilson(1950-02-20)20 February 1950Pendleton, Salford, Lancashire, EnglandDied10 August 2007(2007-08-10) (aged 57)Withington, Manchester, EnglandResting placeSouthern Cemetery, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, ManchesterEducationBA in EnglishAlma materJesus College, CambridgeOccupationsJournalist...
