聲門塞音

聲門塞音
ʔ
IPA編號113
編碼
HTML碼(十進制)ʔ
Unicode碼(十六進制)U+0294
X-SAMPA音標?
ASCII音標?
IPA盲文英语IPA Braille⠆ (braille pattern dots-23)
音頻範例

聲門(英語:glottal stop)為声门闭塞形成的辅音,亦稱「清喉塞音」。它在国际音标中的符号是ʔ,在X-SAMPA中的符号是 ⟨ʔ⟩。

特点

声门塞音的特征有:

书写

不列颠哥伦比亚省路牌,其中7用于表示斯夸米什语​(英语中的/ʔ/

阿拉伯语等许多语言的传统罗马化方案中,声门塞音写作撇号ʼʾ,这也是IPA字符⟨ʔ⟩的来源。许多用拉丁字母书写的波利尼西亚语族语言则以一个翻转过的撇号ʻ(夏威夷语萨摩亚语中称作‘okina)来表示此音,也用于转写阿拉伯语中的Ayin,是IPA表示浊咽擦音的⟨ʕ⟩的来源。马来语中,声门塞音以只出现在词尾的k表示,沃罗语马耳他语中则以q表示。

其他文字也有用于表示声门塞音的字母,如希伯来字母Alephא西里尔字母Ӏ,用在几种高加索语言中。高加索原住民语言所用的现代拉丁拼写使用字母Ꜧ ꜧ。冻土涅涅茨语中则通过撇号ʼ和双撇号ˮ表示。日语中,出现在叹词末尾的表示惊喜或愤怒的声门塞音与促音的写法一样,都是

菲律宾语族许多语言的转写中,声门塞音的符号化不成系统,一般而言以元音开头的词(如他加禄语aso“狗”)前面自动带一个声门塞音(同普通话、现代德语豪萨语)。部分正字法以连字符表示出现在词中的声门塞音(如他加禄语pag-ibig“爱”或米沙鄢语gabi-i“夜”)。出现在词尾时,最后一个元音若带重音则加扬抑符(称作pakupyâ)(如basâ“湿”),而如果重音在倒数第二个音节,则加钝音符(paiwà)(如batà“孩子”)。[2][3][4]

部分加拿大原住民语言,特别是萨利希语族的语言,将ʔ作为字母使用。其中有些甚至还出现了大小写之分:Ɂ和ɂ。[5]7或问号也在斯夸米什语等语言的正字法中表示ʔ。萨尼奇语逗号,表示声门塞音。

2015年, 加拿大西北地区的两名女性因被拒绝在女儿名字中使用ʔ字符而起诉了当地政府。她们女儿的名字分别是奇佩维安语人名Sahaiʔa和斯拉维语人名Sakaeʔah(两个名称同源)。当地政府辩称,无论地方还是中央,文件都不能支持该字母。后来两名新生儿的姓名改以连字符登记。[6]

克罗语中,声门塞音写作问号:?,因为克罗语中声门塞音唯一的用处就是句末疑问标记[7]

苏格兰盖尔语阿盖尔郡方言中,标准盖尔语Tha Gàidhlig agam“我说盖尔语”会读作Tha Gàidhlig a'am。[來源請求]

见于

语言 词汇 国际音标 词义 注释
阿布哈兹语 аи/ai [ʔaj]
阿迪格语 ӏэ/'ė [ʔa] 手/臂
阿拉伯语 标准阿拉伯语[8]:37 أغاني/'aġani [ʔaˈɣaːniː]
黎凡特、埃及方言[9]:17 شقة/ša''a [ˈʃæʔʔæ] 公寓 [9]对应其他方言的/q//g/
非斯特莱姆森方言[10] قال/'al [ˈʔaːl] 他说了 对应其他方言的/q//g/
阿塞拜疆语 ər [ʔær] 丈夫
比科尔语 bàgo [ˈbaːʔɡo]
保加利亚语 ъ-ъ/ŭ-ŭ [ˈʔɤʔɤ] 没有
缅甸语 မြစ်များ/rcī mya: [mjiʔ mjà] 河流
宿雾语 tubò [ˈtuboʔ] 生长
查莫罗语 haluʼu [həluʔu] 鲨鱼
印古什语 кхоъ/qoʼ [qoʔ] 3
闽语 闽东片 擲/diah5 [tiaʔ˥]
闽南片 血/hueh [hueʔ˨]
粤语 愛/oi3 [ʔɔːi˧]
吴语 軸/gioh [gioʔ23]
現代標準漢語 棉襖/mián'ǎo [mjɛn˧˥ʔɑʊ˨˩˦] 通常不視為一獨立音位
库克群岛毛利语 taʻi [taʔi] 1
捷克语 používat [poʔuʒiːvat]
达哈罗语
丹麦语 hånd [ˈhʌ̹nʔ] stød的几种可能实现之一。取决于方言和语体,可实现为后面元音的咽化
荷兰语[11]:45 beamen [bəʔˈaːmə(n)] 确认
英语 RP uh-oh [ˈɐʔəʊ] 啊哦
美国英语 [ˈʌʔoʊ]
澳大利亚英语 cat [kʰæʔ(t)] /t/的同位异音。参见声门化
GA
河口英语 [kʰæʔ]
考克尼方言[12]:111 [kʰɛ̝ʔ]
苏格兰英语 [kʰäʔ]
北英格兰英语 the [ʔ] (定冠词)
RP[13]:240GA button [ˈbɐʔn̩] 按钮
芬兰语 sadeaamu [ˈsɑdeʔˌɑ:mu] 下雨的早晨 [14]:7
德语 北部德语方言 Beamter [bəˈʔamtɐ] 公务员 所有元音前自带
瓜拉尼语 avañeʼ [ãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ] 瓜拉尼 只出现在元音间
夏威夷语[15]:139 ʻeleʻele [ˈʔɛlɛˈʔɛlɛ]
希伯来语 מַאֲמָר/ma'amar [maʔămaʁ] 文章 非正式语境常省略
冰岛语 en [ʔɛn] 但是 只用于加强语气,没有最小对立
伊洛卡诺语 nalab-ay [nalabˈʔaj] 味道淡 出现在词中时写作连字符
印尼语 bakso [ˌbäʔˈso] 肉丸 /k//ɡ/在韵尾的同位异音
日语 鹿儿岛方言 学校/gakkō [gaʔkoː] 学校 促音。平假名记作っ,片假名记作ッ
爪哇语[16]:105 ꦲꦤꦏ꧀ [änäʔ] 孩子 /k/在词素尾位置的同位异音
杰德克语[17] [wɛ̃ʔ]
卡巴尔达语 ӏэ/'ė [ʔa] 手/臂
卡加延语[18]:206–207 saag [saˈʔaɡ] 'floor'
卡西语 lyoh [lʔɔːʔ]
高棉语 សិទ្ធិ/sĕtthĭ [səttʰiʔ] 权利
韩语 일/il [ʔil] 与无辅音形式为自由变体。只出现在词首
马来语 标准 tidak [ˈtidäʔ] 韵尾/k/位于词尾且位于辅音前的同位异音。其他位置的/ʔ/只出现在阿拉伯语借词中
亚维语 ikat [ˌiˈkäʔ] 韵尾/k, p, t/的同位异音,出现于词尾和辅音前
登嘉楼马来语
马耳他语 qattus [ˈʔattus]
毛利语 塔拉纳基大区旺加努伊 wahine [waʔinɛ]
米南加保语 waʼang [wäʔäŋ] 有时不写撇号
Mutsun tawkaʼli [tawkaʔli] 黑鹅莓 分叉茶藨子
明格列尔语 ჸოროფა/?oropha [ʔɔrɔpʰɑ]
纳瓦特尔语 tahtli [taʔtɬi] 常不写
内兹珀斯语 yáakaʔ [ˈjaːkaʔ] 黑熊
奈恩加图语[19] ai [aˈʔi] 树懒 转写多样
冲绳语 音/utu [ʔutu] 声音
波斯语 معنی/ma'ni [maʔni] 含义
波兰语 [ʔɛra] 年代 词首元音(Ala ‒> [Ɂala]
皮拉罕语 baíxi [ˈmàí̯ʔì] 父亲或目前
葡萄牙语[20] 巴西葡萄牙语土语 ê-ê[21] [ˌʔe̞ˈʔeː] 哦是的[22] 边缘音位。不出现在辅音旁。巴西正式发音至少有一个[ʔ]元音长度高低重音最小对立(三重对立罕见,拟态词短ih与长ih对立)
部分使用者 à aula [ˈa ˈʔawlɐ] 对着全班
罗图马语[23]:492 ʻusu [ʔusu] 拳击
萨摩亚语 maʻi [maʔi]
撒丁语[24] 巴尔巴吉亚部分方言 unu pacu [ˈuːnu paʔu] 一点 /n, k, l/在元音间的同位异音
萨拉布斯部分方言 sa luna [sa ʔuʔa] 月亮
塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语[25]:67 i onda [iː ʔô̞n̪d̪a̠] 然后 在词界且在元音边界时可能出现[25]
Seri he [ʔɛ]
索马里语 ba' [baʔ] 灾难 /ʔ/在所有元音前都出现,但只有词中和词尾的要写出。[26]
西班牙语 尼加拉瓜西班牙语[27] s alto [ˈma ˈʔal̻t̻o̞] 更高 部分词中/s/在元音间的同位异音。不出现在辅音旁
墨西哥西班牙语[28] cuatro años [ˈkwatɾo̞ ˈʔãɲo̞s] 4年
他加禄语 oo [oʔo] 是的
大溪地语 puaʻa [puaʔa]
泰语 อิ่ม/im [ʔim]
汤加语 tuʻu [tuʔu]
冻原涅涅茨语 выʼ/vy' [wɨʔ] 冻原
越南语[29]:458–461 oi [ʔɔj˧] 闷热 与无辅音为自由变体。参见越南語音系
沃罗语 piniq [ˈpinʲiʔ] 狗(复数) “q”为沃罗语复数标记
瓦基曼语 jamh [t̠ʲʌmʔ] 吃(完成时)
瓦莱提语 7írTi [ʔirʈa] 湿
瓦利斯语 maʻuli [maʔuli] 生活
标准壮语 aeu /ʔau1/
法语 une hache /y.nʔaʃ/ 一把斧子

參考文獻

引用

  1. ^ Catford, J. C. Glottal Consonants … Another View. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 1990, 20 (2): 25–26. JSTOR 44526803. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004229 (英语). 
  2. ^ Morrow, Paul. The Basics of Filipino Pronunciation: Part 2 of 3 • Accent Marks. Pilipino Express. March 16, 2011 [July 18, 2012]. (原始内容存档于December 27, 2011) (英语). 
  3. ^ Nolasco, Ricardo M. D., Grammar Notes on the National Language (PDF) (英语). 
  4. ^ Schoellner, Joan; Heinle, Beverly D. (编). Tagalog Reading Booklet (PDF). Simon & Schister's Pimsleur. 2007: 5–6 [2012-07-18]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-11-27). 
  5. ^ Proposal to Add Latin Small Letter Glottal Stop to the UCS (PDF), 2005-08-10 [2011-10-26], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-09-26) (英语). 
  6. ^ Browne, Rachel. What's in A Name? a Chipewyan's Battle Over Her Native Tongue. Maclean's. 12 March 2015 [5 April 2015]. (原始内容存档于4 April 2015) (英语). 
  7. ^ Graczyk, R. 2007. A Grammar of Crow: Apsáaloke Aliláau. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
  8. ^ Thelwall (1990)
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Watson (2002)
  10. ^ Dendane, Zoubir. The Stigmatisation of the Glottal Stop in Tlemcen Speech Community: An Indicator of Dialect Shift. The International Journal of Linguistics and Literature. 2013, 2 (3): 1–10. (原始内容存档于2019-01-06) (英语). 
  11. ^ Gussenhoven (1992)
  12. ^ Sivertsen (1960)
  13. ^ Roach (2004)
  14. ^ Collinder, Björn. Lärobok i finska språket för krigsmakten. Ivar Häggström. 1941 (芬兰语). 
  15. ^ Ladefoged (2005)
  16. ^ Clark, Yallop & Fletcher (2007)
  17. ^ Yager, Joanne; Burtenhult, Niclas. Jedek: A Newly-Discovered Aslian Variety of Malaysia (PDF). Linguistic Typology. 2017, 21 (3): 493–545 [2018-08-07]. S2CID 126145797. doi:10.1515/lingty-2017-0012. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-002E-7CD2-7可免费查阅. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-08-07) (英语). 
  18. ^ Olson et al. (2010)
  19. ^ Cruz, Aline da. Fonologia e Gramática do Nheengatú: A língua geral falada pelos povos Baré, Warekena e Baniwa [Phonology and Grammar of Nheengatú: The general language spoken by the Baré, Warekena and Baniwa peoples] (PDF) (Doctor论文). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. 2011. ISBN 978-94-6093-063-8. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于March 7, 2014) (葡萄牙语). 
  20. ^ Veloso, João; Martins, Pedro Tiago. O Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP: disponibilização on-line de um corpus dialetal do português. XXVIII Encontro Nacional da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, Coimbra, APL: 673–692. 2013. ISBN 978-989-97440-2-8. (原始内容存档于2014-03-06) (葡萄牙语). 
  21. ^ Phonetic Symbols for Portuguese Phonetic Transcription (PDF), October 2012, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-11-08) –通过users.ox.ac.uk (英语).  In European Portuguese, the "é é" interjection usually employs an epenthetic /i/, being pronounced [e̞ˈje̞] instead.
  22. ^ It may be used mostly as a general call of attention for disapproval, disagreement or inconsistency, but also serves as a synonym of the multiuse expression "eu, hein!". (葡萄牙語) How to say 'eu, hein' in English – Adir Ferreira Idiomas 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2013-07-08.
  23. ^ Blevins (1994)
  24. ^ Grimaldi, Lucia; Mensching, Guido (编). Su sardu limba de Sardigna et limba de Europa (PDF). Cooperativa Universitaria Editrice Cagliaritana. 2004: 110–111. ISBN 88-8467-170-1. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-12-05). 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Landau et al. (1999)
  26. ^ Edmondson, J. A.; Esling, J. H.; Harris, J. G., Supraglottal Cavity Shape, Linguistic Register, and Other Phonetic Features of Somali, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.570.821可免费查阅 (英语). 
  27. ^ Chappell, Whitney, The Hypo-Hyperarticulation Continuum in Nicaraguan Spanish (PDF), [2014-03-07], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-03-07) –通过nwav42.pitt.edu (英语). 
  28. ^ Michnowicz, Jim; Carpenter, Lindsey, Voiceless Stop Aspiration in Yucatán Spanish: A Sociolinguistic Analysis (PDF), [2014-03-07], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-03-07) –通过etd.lib.ncsu.edu (英语). 
  29. ^ Thompson (1959)


书目

  • Blevins, Juliette, The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology, Oceanic Linguistics, 1994, 33 (2): 491–516, JSTOR 3623138, doi:10.2307/3623138 
  • Clark, John Ellery; Yallop, Colin; Fletcher, Janet, An introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007 [2017-04-22], (原始内容存档于2016-06-10) 
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos, Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X 
  • Ladefoged, Peter, Vowels and Consonants Second, Blackwell, 2005, ISBN 0-631-21411-9 
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo, Croatian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 66–69, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
  • Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III, The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2010, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296 
  • Roach, Peter, British English: Received Pronunciation, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768 
  • Schane, Sanford A, French Phonology and Morphology, Boston, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1968, ISBN 0-262-19040-0 
  • Sivertsen, Eva, Cockney Phonology, Oslo: University of Oslo, 1960 
  • Thelwall, Robin, Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1990, 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266 
  • Thompson, Laurence, Saigon phonemics, Language, 1959, 35 (3): 454–476, JSTOR 411232, doi:10.2307/411232 
  • Watson, Janet, The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-824137-2 

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Malaysian politician Shamsiah FakehBorn1924Kampung Gemuruh, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Federated Malay States, British Malaya (now Malaysia)DiedOctober 20, 2008(2008-10-20) (aged 83–84)Kuchai Lama, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaResting placeSungai Besi Muslim Cemetery, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaOther namesRatu Rimba (Malay for 'Queen of the Jungle')Known forResisting the British colonial occupation during the Malayan Emergency. Leader of the Angkatan Wanita Sedar. Prominent member of ...

Suddivisione dei dialetti Gronings A questa voce o sezione va aggiunto il template sinottico {{Lingua}} Puoi aggiungere e riempire il template secondo le istruzioni e poi rimuovere questo avviso. Se non sei in grado di riempirlo in buona parte, non fare nulla; non inserire template vuoti. La lingua gronings,[1] localmente conosciuto come Grunnegs o Grönnegs, è una lingua appartenente alla famiglia del basso sassone, parlata nella provincia di Groninga e nelle are...

 

Creature in Central American folklore This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be show...

 

1964 aviation accident British Eagle International Airlines Flight 802/6A Bristol Britannia of British Eagle International Airlines, similar to the one involvedAccidentDate29 February 1964SummaryControlled flight into terrainSiteGlungezer mountain, AustriaAircraftAircraft typeBristol BritanniaOperatorBritish Eagle International AirlinesRegistrationG-AOVOFlight originLondon Heathrow AirportDestinationInnsbruck Kranebitten AirportPassengers75Crew8Fatalities83Survivors0 On Saturday, 29 Febr...

1979 single by PocoCrazy LoveCanadian re-pressing by MCA RecordsSingle by Pocofrom the album Legend B-sideBarbadosReleasedJanuary 1979RecordedApril–August 1978StudioCrystal Sound Studios (Hollywood)GenreSoft rock[1]country rock[2]Length2:55LabelABCSongwriter(s)Rusty YoungProducer(s)Richard Sanford OrshoffPoco singles chronology Indian Summer (1977) Crazy Love (1979) Heart of the Night (1979) Crazy Love is a 1979 hit single for the country rock group Poco introduced on the 19...

 

Italian footballer (born 1954) Moreno Roggi Personal informationFull name Moreno RoggiDate of birth (1954-03-24) 24 March 1954 (age 70)Place of birth San Miniato, ItalyPosition(s) DefenderSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1970–1972 Empoli 17 (0)1972–1978 Fiorentina 82 (4)1978–1979 Avellino 9 (0)International career1974–1976 Italy 7 (0) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Moreno Roggi (Italian pronunciation: [moˈrɛːno ˈroddʒi]; born 24 March 1954) is an Itali...

 

Tibet-based organization for the blind Braille Without BordersAbbreviationBWBFormation1998FounderSabriye Tenberken, Paul KronenbergFounded atLhasa, Tibet, China Braille Without Borders (BWB) is an international organisation for the blind in developing countries. It was founded in Lhasa, Tibet, by Sabriye Tenberken and Paul Kronenberg in 1998. Overview BWB's mission is to give hope and practical skills to the blind and in particular to teach braille to the blind in developing countries; if no ...

GambirKecamatanMonas di Gambir, Jakarta PusatLetak kecamatan Gambir di Jakarta PusatPeta lokasi Kecamatan GambirGambirPeta lokasi Kecamatan GambirTampilkan peta JakartaGambirGambir (Jawa)Tampilkan peta JawaGambirGambir (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 6°10′S 106°50′E / 6.17°S 106.83°E / -6.17; 106.83Negara IndonesiaProvinsiDaerah Khusus Ibukota JakartaKota AdministrasiJakarta PusatPemerintahan • CamatFauzi, S.Sos[1]Populasi...

 

División Panzer SS SS-Panzerdivision (1943)SS-PzDivActiva 1943País Alemania naziRama/s Waffen-SSTipo PanzerFunción Guerra acorazadaTamaño División, hasta 20.000 soldadosGuerras y batallas Segunda Guerra Mundial[editar datos en Wikidata]La División Panzer SS (en alemán: SS-Panzerdivision, abreviado: SS-PzDiv) fue una formación de las SS durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. La siguiente tabla muestra el orden de batalla que debía tener una división Panzer SS.[1]​ Unidad[...

 

Castle in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, UK Dunstaffnage CastleNear Dunbeg, Argyll and Bute, ScotlandNM882344 Dunstaffnage Castle seen from the east, with the gatehouse in the centreDunstaffnage CastleCoordinates56°27′17″N 5°26′13″W / 56.454653°N 5.436936°W / 56.454653; -5.436936TypeCastle of enceinteSite informationOwnerHistoric Environment ScotlandControlled byClan MacDougall 13th century to 1309Scottish Crown 1309 to c.1470Clan Campbell c.1470 to presen...

Recording studio in Nassau, Bahamas This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Compass Point Studios – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Compass Point Studios Compass Point Studios was a music recording studio in the Bahamas, founded in ...

 

Nayar Sambucus nigra Klasifikasi ilmiah Domain: Eukaryota Kerajaan: Plantae Klad: Tracheophyta Klad: Angiospermae Klad: Eudikotil Klad: Asterid Ordo: Dipsacales Famili: Adoxaceae Genus: SambucusL.[1] Spesies Lihat teks Beri-beri Sambucus Sambucus, nayar[2] atau elderberi adalah sebuah genus tumbuhan berbunga dalam famili Adoxaceae. Genus tersebut awalnya ditempatkan dalam keluarga kamperfuli,Caprifoliaceae, tetapi diklasifikasikan ulang karena evidensi genetik. Genus tersebut...