格林公式

在物理學與數學中,格林定理给出了沿封閉曲線 C線積分與以 C 為邊界的平面區域 D 上的雙重積分的联系。格林定理是斯托克斯定理的二維特例,以英國數學家喬治·格林(George Green)命名。[1]

定理

设闭区域由分段光滑的简单曲线 围成,函数上有一阶连续偏导数,则有[2][3]

其中的取正向的边界曲线。

此公式叫做格林公式,它给出了沿着闭曲线曲线积分所包围的区域上的二重积分之间的关系。另见格林恆等式。格林公式还可以用来计算平面图形的面积。

D 为一个简单区域时的证明

以下是特殊情况下定理的一个证明,其中D是一种I型的区域,C2C4是竖直的直线。对于II型的区域D,其中C1C3是水平的直线。

如果我们可以证明

以及

那么就证明了格林公式是正确的。

把右图中I型的区域D定义为:

其中g1g2是区间[a, b]内的连续函数。计算(1)式中的二重积分:

现在计算(1)式中的曲线积分。C可以写成四条曲线C1C2C3C4的并集。

对于C1,使用参数方程:。那么:

对于C3,使用参数方程。那么:

沿着C3的积分是负数,因为它是沿着反方向从ba。在C2C4上,x是常数,因此:

所以:

(3)和(4)相加,便得到(1)。类似地,也可以得到(2)。

应用

计算区域面积

使用格林公式,可以用线积分计算区域的面积[4]。因为区域D的面积等于,所以只要我们选取适当的LM使得,就可以通过来计算面积。

一种可能的取值是[4]

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ George Green, An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism (Nottingham, England: T. Wheelhouse, 1828). Green did not actually derive the form of "Green's theorem" which appears in this article; rather, he derived a form of the "divergence theorem", which appears on pages 10-12页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) of his Essay.
    In 1846, the form of "Green's theorem" which appears in this article was first published, without proof, in an article by Augustin Cauchy: A. Cauchy (1846) "Sur les intégrales qui s'étendent à tous les points d'une courbe fermée" (On integrals that extend over all of the points of a closed curve), Comptes rendus, 23: 251-255. (The equation appears at the bottom of page 254, where (S) denotes the line integral of a function k along the curve s that encloses the area S.)
    A proof of the theorem was finally provided in 1851 by Bernhard Riemann in his inaugural dissertation: Bernhard Riemann (1851) Grundlagen für eine allgemeine Theorie der Functionen einer veränderlichen complexen Grösse页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (Basis for a general theory of functions of a variable complex quantity), (Göttingen, (Germany): Adalbert Rente, 1867); see pages 8 - 9.
  2. ^ Mathematical methods for physics and engineering, K.F. Riley, M.P. Hobson, S.J. Bence, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-86153-3
  3. ^ Vector Analysis (2nd Edition), M.R. Spiegel, S. Lipschutz, D. Spellman, Schaum’s Outlines, McGraw Hill (USA), 2009, ISBN 978-0-07-161545-7
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Stewart, James. Calculus 6th. Thomson, Brooks/Cole. 2007. 

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