柯西-利普希茨定理

在数学中,柯西-利普希茨定理(Cauchy-Lipschitz Theorem),又称皮卡-林德勒夫定理(Picard-Lindelöf Theorem),保证了一階常微分方程的局部解以至最大解的存在性和唯一性。此定理最早由奧古斯丁·路易·柯西于1820年发表,但直到1868年,才由鲁道夫·利普希茨给出确定的形式。另一个很常见的叫法是皮卡-林德勒夫定理,得名于数学家埃米尔·皮卡恩斯特·林德勒夫

局部定理

E为一个完备的有限维賦範向量空間(即一个巴拿赫空间),f为一个取值在E上的函数:

其中UE中的一个开集I中的一个区间。考虑以下的一阶非线性微分方程

如果f关于t连续,并在U中满足利普希茨条件,也就是说,

那么对于任一给定的初始条件: ,其中 ,微分方程(1)存在一个解 ,其中 是一个包含 的区间, 是一个从 射到 的函数,满足初始条件和微分方程(1)。

局部唯一性:在包含点的足够小的区间上,微分方程(1)的解是唯一的(或者说,方程所有的解在足够小的区间上都是重叠的)。

这个定理有点像物理学中的决定论思想:当我们知道了一个系统的特性(微分方程)和在某一时刻系统的情况()时,下一刻的情况是唯一确定的。

局部定理的证明

一个简洁的证明思路为构造一个总是满足初始条件的函数递归序列,使得,这样,如果这个序列有一个收敛点 ,那么为函数不动点,这时就有,于是我们构造出了一个解。为此,我们从常数函数

开始。令

这样构造出来的函数列中的每个函数都满足初始条件。并且由于 中满足利普希茨条件,当区间足够小的时候,成为一个收缩映射。根据完备空间的不动点存在定理,存在关于的稳定不动点,于是可知微分方程(1)的解存在。

由于收缩映射的局部稳定不动点只有一个,因此在足够小的区间内解是唯一的。

最大解定理

局部的柯西-利普希茨定理并没有说明在较大区域上解的情况。事实上,对于微分方程(1)的任意解,定义一个序关系:小于当且仅当 ,并且上的值与一样。在这个定义之下,柯西-利普希茨定理断言,微分方程的最大解是唯一存在的

证明思路

解的唯一性:假设有两个不同的最大解,那么由局部柯西-利普希茨定理可以证明其重叠部分的值相同,将两者不同的部分分别延伸在重叠部分上,则会得到一个更“大”的解(只需验证它满足微分方程),矛盾。因此解唯一。

解的存在性:证明需要用到佐恩引理,构造所有解的并集。

扩展至高阶常微分方程

对于一元的高阶常微分方程

只需构造向量和相应的映射,就可以使得(2)变为。这时的初始条件为,即

扩展至偏微分方程

对于偏微分方程,有柯西-利普希茨定理的扩展形式:柯西-克瓦列夫斯基定理,保证了偏微分方程的解的存在性和唯一性。

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