在英語中,道德(Morality)一詞由14世紀晚期自「 moral qualities」演變而來[6],起源於拉丁語的“moralis”,這個拉丁語的字面意義包括:禮儀(manners)[6][7]、性格(character)[6]、人在社會中適當的行為(proper behaviour)[7]。從1590年代開始,英語中的道德就有「好的(goodness)」的含義[6],道德與英語中的「正確的(rightness)」可能是道德的同義詞。
西方文化自古希臘以來把道德視為一個獨立分離的單元,為哲學中的倫理學,倫理(Ethics,即為道德哲學)是解決道德問題的哲學分支,「道德」與「倫理」經常被互換使用,有時也狹隘的用於描述特定傳統、群體或個人的道德原則[11]。道德哲學(Moral philosophy)包括道德本體論,研究的是道德的起源;以及道德認識論,研究關於道德的知識。道德的表達,會產生不同的系統,包括遵守一套既定規則的義務倫理系統,以及考慮行動本身是否具有優勢的規範倫理系統。黃金定律是一個規范倫理學的例子,該定律認為應該「待人像他人對待自己(One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself)」[12],即類似積極面的「待人如己」、消極面的「己所不欲,勿施於人」。
自我许可(英語:moral self-licensing, moral licensing, or licensing effect),也称为道德自我许可、道德许可或许可效应,是社会心理学和市场营销中使用的一个术语,用于描述一种潜意识现象,即对一个人的自我形象或自我概念增强的信心和安全感,往往会使那个人较少担心随后的不道德行为的后果; 因此,更有可能做出不道德的选择和不道德的行为。[25][26][27][28][29][30]
Marc Bekoff和Jessica Pierce認為,道德是所有生活在復雜社會群體中的哺乳動物都可能共有的一系列行為能力,像是:狼、土狼、大象、海豚、老鼠、黑猩猩等。他們將道德定義為「一系列相互關聯的行為,用以培養和規範社會群體內的複雜互動。」這套行為包括:同理心、互惠、利他主義、合作和公平感[38]。在相關研究中,黑猩猩被證明能在各種各樣的環境中表現出對同伴的同情[39],他們甚至還具有到社會政治水平的欺騙能力[40],類似於人類的謠言和聲譽管理行為的原型。
一些觀察家認為,個人會根據個人身分認同在對內團體或外團體時而使用不同的道德規則。內團體指的是個人及他認為屬於同一群體的人,外團體是指個人認為非屬內團體的群體。一些生物學家、人類學家和演化心理學家認為這種內/外團體差別待遇的可以提高群體的生存率,這種概念在簡單的進化計算模型中被證實[43]。在模擬中,這種差別待遇可能會導致對內群體的意外合作以及對外團體的非理性敵意[44]。Gary R. Johnson與V.S. Falger認為,民族主義和愛國主義是以這種內/外團體作為邊界的形式存在。Jonathan Haidt指出,實驗觀察表明保守主義的內團體中有一個被實際使用的基礎道德標準,但自由主義者中不太有[45]。
宗教和道德並不是同義詞,道德不依賴於宗教,儘管對某些人來說這是一種「幾乎自動的假設」[53]。根據《西敏斯特基督教倫理詞典(The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics)》指出:宗教和道德有不同的定義,彼此也沒有定義上的關聯;在概念和原則上,道德和宗教價值體系是兩種不同的價值體系與行動指南[54]。不過宗教確實是一種能夠建立道德的強大價值體系或文化體系。
^Gert, Bernard; Gert, Joshua. The Definition of Morality. Zalta, Edward N. (编). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Fall 2017. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2017 [2018-09-30]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-15).
^The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy P.586 morality
^Jörg Bergmann "Veiled morality: Notes on discretion in psychiatry." In Drew, Paul; Heritage, John, eds. (1992). Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–62.
^Lena Jayyusi "Values and moral judgment: Communicative praxis as moral order." In Button, Graham, ed. (1991). Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 227–51.
^Clot S; Grolleau G; Ibanez L. Do Good Deeds Make Bad People?(PDF). INRA-IDEI Seminar; Toulouse, France. December 2011 [2012-08-09]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2015-02-18).
^Merritt, A., Effron, D., & Monin, B. (2010). "Moral self-licensing: When being good frees us to be bad". Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4/5, 344–57. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
Yuta NakamotoYuta Nakamoto pada Oktober 2023LahirYuta Nakamoto26 Oktober 1995 (umur 28)Kadoma, Osaka, JepangKebangsaan JepangPekerjaanPenyanyiPenariAktorRadio HostKarier musikGenreK-pophip hopInstrumenVokalTahun aktif2013–sekarangLabelSMAvex TraxCapitolArtis terkaitNCTNCT 127NCT USM RookiesSM TownSitus webSitus web resmi Yuta Nakamoto Nama Jepang Kanji: 中本悠太 Alih aksara - Romaji: Nakamoto Yuta Nama Korea Hangul: 유타 Alih aksara - Romanisasi: Yuta - McCune-Reischauer: Y...
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Liu. Dans ce nom, le nom de famille précède le nom personnel. Liu Bei Portrait de Liu Bei Empereur de royaume de Shu Naissance 161district de Zhuo, région de Zhuo, province de You [1] Décès 21 juin 223palais de Yufu Successeur Liu Shan Noms Chinois simplifié 刘备 Chinois traditionnel 劉備 Hanyu pinyin Liú Bèi EFEO Lieou Pei nom posthume Empereur Zhaolie modifier Liu Bei (161 - 222/21 juin 223) ou Lieou Pei en transcription EFEO (en chinois tradit...
Granducato del Basso RenoInformazioni generaliNome ufficialeGroßherzogtum Niederrhein Nome completoGranducato del Basso Reno CapoluogoCoblenza Popolazione951.998 (1816)1.042.724 (1822) Suddiviso in5 distretti governativi (Aquisgrana, Coblenza, Treviri) Evoluzione storicaInizio1815 Fine1822 Preceduto da Succeduto da Elettorato di TreviriManderscheidMalmedyLibera Città di AquisgranaElettorato PalatinoLussemburgoDucato di Limburgo Provincia del Reno Cartografia Il Granducato del Basso Reno (in...
English naturalist and biologist (1809–1882) For other people named Charles Darwin, see Charles Darwin (disambiguation). Charles DarwinFRS FRGS FLS FZS JPDarwin, c. 1854, when he was preparing On the Origin of Species[4]BornCharles Robert Darwin(1809-02-12)12 February 1809Shrewsbury, EnglandDied19 April 1882(1882-04-19) (aged 73)Down, Kent, EnglandResting placeWestminster AbbeyAlma materUniversity of Edinburgh Christ's College, Cambridge (BA, 1831; MA, 1836...
Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando la medesima competizione per altri sport, vedi Coppa Svizzera 2009-2010 (disambigua). Voce principale: Coppa Svizzera. Coppa Svizzera 2009-2010Schweizer CupCoupe de Suisse Competizione Coppa Svizzera Sport Calcio Edizione 85ª Organizzatore ASF-SFV Date dal agosto 2009al 9 maggio 2010 Luogo Svizzera Formula Eliminazione diretta Risultati Vincitore Basilea(10º titolo) Cronologia della competizione 2008-2009 2010-2011 Manuale La Coppa S...
Lekh TandonLahir13 Februari 1929Lahore, India BritaniaTahun aktif1947 - sekarang Lekh Tandon (kelahiran 13 Februari 1929)[1] telah menyutradarai sejumlah film Bollywood dan serial TV India. Sekarang, ia berakting dalam beberapa film tersebut Chennai Express. Ia adalah saudara dari pemain panggung Urdu Yograj Tandon.[2] Biografi Ayah Lekh F. C. Tandon telah belajar dengan Prithviraj Kapoor pada masa Sekolah Tinggi di Sekolah Tinggi Khalsa, (Lyallpur, Punjab, India Britani...
John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCIE, PC, PC (Ire), FRS[1] (8 Juli 1882 – 4 Januari 1958) adalah seorang pegawai negeri dan politikus asal Inggris. Ia dikenal karena menjabat dalam Kabinet pada Perang Dunia Kedua. Referensi ^ Bridges, L.; Dale, H. (1958). John Anderson, Viscount Waverley 1882-1958. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 4: 306. doi:1...
أعقل المجانين بهلول النوع تاريخي - كوميدي تأليف عبد الغني حمزة إخراج نذير عواد، محمد الشيخ نجيب بطولة أندريه سكاف البلد سوريا لغة العمل العربية سنة التصوير 2004 عدد المواسم 3 عدد الحلقات 84 حلقة، الموسم الأول: 24 حلقة، الموسم الثاني: 30 حلقة، الموسم الثالث: 30 حلقة. مدة الحلقة 4...
Voce principale: Risorgimento. La questione romana fu la lunga contesa tra il Risorgimento italiano (poi lo Stato) e la Santa Sede intorno al controllo territoriale di Roma e al ruolo della città,[1] che gli italiani conquistarono il 20 settembre 1870 ed elevarono a capitale del Regno, ma che il papa rivendicava come sede del proprio potere temporale. Indice 1 L'unità d'Italia 2 La presa di Roma 3 La graduale risoluzione dei contrasti 4 Note 5 Bibliografia 6 Voci correlate 7 Altri ...
L'histoire de Chicago commence en 1770 avec la fondation officielle de la cité. Incorporée en municipalité en 1833, Chicago devient la plus grande ville de l'État de l'Illinois et le centre névralgique de la région du Midwest dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. La ville tient une place importante dans l'histoire industrielle et culturelle des États-Unis et constitue aujourd'hui le centre économique de la région des Grands Lacs et du Midwest[1]. Au tournant du XXe sièc...
1956 book by William Ernest Bowman This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Ascent of Rum Doodle – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Ascent of Rum Doodle Cover of the 1956, first editionAuthorW. E. BowmanCountryUnited Kingdo...
Military high school in Lisbon, Portugal For other uses, see Colégio Militar (disambiguation). This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Colégio Militar – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Military CollegeColégio MilitarMottoUm por todos e todos por u...
United States historic placeKnox HeadquartersU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark The Ellison House at Knox's Headquarter's State Historic Site in New Windsor, NYLocationVails Gate, NYNearest cityNewburghCoordinates41°27′18″N 74°03′00″W / 41.45500°N 74.05000°W / 41.45500; -74.05000Built1755ArchitectWilliam BullArchitectural styleGeorgianNRHP reference No.72000901Significant datesAdded to NRHPNovember 9, 19...
هذه المقالة تحتاج للمزيد من الوصلات للمقالات الأخرى للمساعدة في ترابط مقالات الموسوعة. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة وصلات إلى المقالات المتعلقة بها الموجودة في النص الحالي. (مايو 2016) لافونتي ألكنترا معلومات شخصية الميلاد سنة 1825 أرشذونة الوفاة 1868أرشذونة...
Host citySingaporeCountries visitedGreece, Germany, Senegal, Mexico, New Zealand, South KoreaStart dateJuly 23, 2010End dateAugust 14, 2010 Part of a series on2010 Summer Youth Olympics Bid process Venues Mascots Theme song Torch relay Medal table (medalists) Event calendar Chronological summary IOC SNOC SYOGOC vte The torch relay in northeast Singapore on August 10, 2010 The 2010 Summer Youth Olympics torch relay was run from 23 July until 14 August 2010, prior to the 2010 Summer Youth Olym...
Artikel ini berisi konten yang ditulis dengan gaya sebuah iklan. Bantulah memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menghapus konten yang dianggap sebagai spam dan pranala luar yang tidak sesuai, dan tambahkan konten ensiklopedis yang ditulis dari sudut pandang netral dan sesuai dengan kebijakan Wikipedia. (November 2022) Taman Mini Indonesia IndahTeater Keong Mas yang menjadi ikon dari TMIISloganJelajah Cerita IndonesiaLokasiJakarta Timur, IndonesiaKoordinat6°18′06″S 106°53′47″E / ...
Japanese term for a career woman A kyariaūman (キャリアウーマン) is a Japanese term for a career woman. The term refers to the type of Japanese woman, married or not, that pursues a career to make a living and for personal advancement rather than being a housewife without occupation outside the home. The term came into use when women were expected to marry and become housewives after a short period working as an office lady. The term is used in Japan to describe the counterpart to th...
Long-distance yachtswoman For the economic historian, see Ellen McArthur. DameEllen MacArthurDBEMacArthur in 2010Born (1976-07-08) 8 July 1976 (age 48)Whatstandwell, Derbyshire, EnglandOccupation(s)Sailor and charity founderKnown forPrevious holder of fastest solo circumnavigation of the globe in a yachtWebsiteellenmacarthur.com Dame Ellen Patricia MacArthur DBE (born 8 July 1976) is a retired English sailor, from Whatstandwell near Matlock in Derbyshire, now based in Cowes, Isle of...
Viscum album Pour les articles homonymes, voir Gui. Ne doit pas être confondu avec Gui américain. Viscum album Planche botanique illustrant le gui, datée de 1897. Par F.E.Köhler dans Köhler's Medizinal-PflanzenClassification de Cronquist (1981) Règne Plantae Sous-règne Tracheobionta Division Magnoliophyta Classe Magnoliopsida Sous-classe Rosidae Ordre Santalales Famille Viscaceae Genre Viscum EspèceViscum albumL., 1753 Classification APG III (2009) Classification APG III (2009) Clade ...