四配顏回 · 孟子 · 曾参 · 孔伋
日本藤原惺窩 · 林羅山 · 室鳩巢新井白石 · 雨森芳洲
朝鮮薛聰 · 權近 · 吉再 · 安珦 · 李穡李滉 · 王仁 · 李齊賢 · 郑梦周 · 鄭道傳崔致远 · 徐敬德 · 趙光祖 · 李彦迪 · 李退溪 · 李栗谷
越南朱文安 · 阮秉謙 · 阮廌黎贵惇 · 阮文超 · 吳時任
日本儒学水戶學 · 石門心學
朝鮮儒學朝鮮實學
越南儒學
五倫,為儒家倫理原則的五種德目,一般指君臣、父子、夫婦、兄弟、朋友[1]等人與人關係間,合宜的相處關係。在「五倫」一詞中,「倫」即是指人與人的關係[2]。
在古籍中,較早出現的相關用語是「五典」[3]、「五品」[4]、「五教」[5]、「五常」[6],指父義、母慈、兄友、弟恭、子孝,這五種關係為「五常之教」[7][8]。其所指的人際關係限於家庭內,父母與子女、兄弟間的相處關係,與後來所謂的五倫意義不盡相符,後出的五倫一詞,多加上了夫婦、君臣,以及朋友[2]。
按照政治大學中文系教授林啓屏的解釋,孟子所說的人倫,並非一種要行為去符合外在形式的客觀規範,而是發自於體認到四端之心後產生出來的精神表現[9],即孟子所謂「舜明於庶物,察於人倫,由仁義行,非行仁義也」。
孟子言「夫婦有別」,此固指男女內外有別,相互對待態度亦有別。《禮記.禮運》言「夫義、婦聽」即是女子于歸之後,事夫之道以順為德,此與《禮記.郊特牲》「男帥女、女從男,夫婦之義」的意義相近,《左傳》昭公二十六年言「夫和而義,妻柔而正」義亦雷同[2]。
但在古代男尊女卑的社會,「夫義」不是「婦聽」的必要條件,夫妻關係,實際建立在「婦聽」,妻子以順為道,以順為德的單方退讓基礎。《禮記.昏義》言女子婚前三月「教以婦德、婦言、婦容、婦功」。《荀子.君道》論為人妻之道亦可以為「婦聽」作註,篇中言「夫有禮則柔從聽侍,夫無禮則恐懼而自竦也」。夫妻關係,若是夫義,則婦自慶幸;夫不義,則婦仍以順為德。妻子的地位比人子還低,人子尚可勸諫父母,地位顯然勝過為人妻者[2]。
古代女性的社會地位始終是以宗法中的身分來權衡,夫在世,則依附其夫在宗族中的地位而定[2]。
近代中國有一個從晚清主張解放中國政界「君臣綱常」傳統的西方政界平等觀,轉變成新文化運動時期主張消滅傳統三綱的平等觀之發展過程[13]。
在1895年甲午戰爭後的晚清思想家論著中,平等觀念成為一重要討論議題,包括性別平等、教育平等、國際外交地位平等、及法律平等之討論。不過晚清思想家們,通常只批判君權,而盡量不涉入夫權與父權,若有也僅止於譚嗣同《仁學》或康有為密不示人的《大同書》中[13]。
而上述狀況必須等到五四時期,平等價值才真正攻入家庭之中,而且五四之後也才產生有別於晚清思想家皆以「母性」為理據論男女平等,轉以「女性」觀點出發談性別平等的現象[13]。
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Genetics database dbSNPContentDescriptionSingle Nucleotide Polymorphism DatabaseOrganismsHomo sapiensContactResearch centerNational Center for Biotechnology InformationPrimary citationPMID 21097890Release date1998AccessData formatASN.1, Fasta, XMLWebsitencbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp/Download URLftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/snp/Web service URLEUtilsSOAPThe Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database[1] (dbSNP) is a free public archive for genetic variation within and across different species developed …
This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (February 2015) Puti Bungsu is the name of the character that is found in the story of the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra.[1] Puti Bungsu, according to local folklore, is one of seven daughters who came from the sky.[1] Puti, the youngest character in the folklore of West Sumatra, is also called the daughter who fell fr…
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