《中庸》是儒家經典的《四書》之一。原是《小戴禮記》第三十一篇,作者孔伋。宋朝學者對《中庸》非常推崇,而將其從《禮記》中抽出獨立成書,朱熹則將其與《論語》、《孟子》、《大學》合編為《四書》。
《中庸》在字面上的解釋即是“中道及常理”之意。[1]而執中又當求「中和」,在一個人還沒有表現出喜怒哀樂時的平靜情緒為「中」,表現出情緒之後經過調整而符合常理為「和」。其主旨在于修養人性。其中關聯及學習的方式(博學、審問、慎思、明辨、篤行),做人的規範如「五達道」(君臣、父子、夫婦、昆弟(兄弟)、朋友之交)和「三達德」(智、仁、勇)等。中庸所追求的修養的最高境界是「至誠」。而三字經云:「中不偏,庸不易。」
《中庸》提出,“天”賦予萬物“性”。“性”是萬物之所以存在的“理”。按“理”而生活,完成天所賦予的使命,就是“道”。《中庸》指出道對於人來說是各有不同的。區別,調整各種不同的使命,使之成爲大家都遵守的原則,被稱爲“修道”,即“教”。“性”、“道”、“教”之論指出了人被“天”賦予使命以及使命的重要性。這也是全篇的宗旨。[2]強調「誠」的重要,誠即是《大學》中所述說的「誠意」。「誠」是人先天的本性,“明”是與“誠”相生的。由誠而達到明,再由明至於誠。[3]「不誠無物」,至誠的人才能充分的發揮本性與感化人群,進而成為人們的最高典範。朱熹特將中庸重新編訂,分成三十三章,稱為中庸章句,大致是論述下列三重點:(1)首言道出於天,而道的本體備於己而不可離,遵此道而修是為教。(2)次言存養省察之要,重在戒慎恐懼以慎獨。(3)終言天地育養萬物,聖神功化之極的至高境界-無聲無臭。《中庸》一文中多次引用孔子的言論及《詩經》的篇章以解釋其理念。
作者是誰尚無定論,一说是孔子嫡孫子思(即孔伋)所作(子思著《中庸》),另一說是秦代或漢代的學者所作。史家司馬遷認為《中庸》是由子思(即孔伋)所作,以下是對作者身分的幾種說法及其論據。
論據:台湾姜廣輝 《郭店楚簡與早期儒學》:不能因為《中庸》中有「今天下車同軌,書同文,行同倫」之語,就推翻「子思作《中庸》」的成說。[5]
宋明理學傳統闡述中庸的字面意思是:「中者,不偏不倚、無過不及之名;庸,平常也。」然而也有一些學者認為宋明理學傳統對於中庸的闡釋有所錯誤。他們認為先秦「中庸」一詞所謂的「中」乃是指「心中內在」的修持功夫,而非是指「不偏不倚處於中間」的行持處事。這兩方的思想差異可以參考下述外部連結的相關資料。
再參照《大學》:「此謂誠於中行於外。」二者其實兼而有之,「心中內在」的修持工夫若不失其正,其行止自然「不偏不倚處於中間」。
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