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中庸

中庸》是儒家經典的《四書》之一。原是《小戴禮記》第三十一篇,作者孔伋宋朝學者對《中庸》非常推崇,而將其從《禮記》中抽出獨立成書,朱熹則將其與《論語》、《孟子》、《大學》合編為《四書》。

《中庸》在字面上的解釋即是“中道及常理”之意。[1]而執中又當求「中和」,在一個人還沒有表現出喜怒哀樂時的平靜情緒為「中」,表現出情緒之後經過調整而符合常理為「和」。其主旨在于修養人性。其中關聯及學習的方式(博學、審問、慎思、明辨、篤行),做人的規範如「五達道」(君臣、父子、夫婦、昆弟(兄弟)、朋友之交)和「三達德」()等。中庸所追求的修養的最高境界是「至誠」。而三字經云:「中不偏,庸不易。」

《中庸》提出,“”賦予萬物“性”。“性”是萬物之所以存在的“”。按“理”而生活,完成天所賦予的使命,就是“”。《中庸》指出道對於人來說是各有不同的。區別,調整各種不同的使命,使之成爲大家都遵守的原則,被稱爲“修道”,即“教”。“性”、“道”、“教”之論指出了人被“天”賦予使命以及使命的重要性。這也是全篇的宗旨。[2]強調「」的重要,誠即是《大學》中所述說的「誠意」。「誠」是人先天的本性,“明”是與“誠”相生的。由誠而達到明,再由明至於誠。[3]不誠無物」,至誠的人才能充分的發揮本性與感化人群,進而成為人們的最高典範。朱熹特將中庸重新編訂,分成三十三章,稱為中庸章句,大致是論述下列三重點:(1)首言道出於天,而道的本體備於己而不可離,遵此道而修是為教。(2)次言存養省察之要,重在戒慎恐懼以慎獨。(3)終言天地育養萬物,聖神功化之極的至高境界-無聲無臭。《中庸》一文中多次引用孔子的言論及《詩經》的篇章以解釋其理念。

爭議

作者

作者是誰尚無定論,一说是孔子嫡孫子思(即孔伋)所作(子思著《中庸》),另一說是秦代漢代的學者所作。史家司馬遷認為《中庸》是由子思(即孔伋)所作,以下是對作者身分的幾種說法及其論據。

孔伋作[4]
非孔伋作,必出孟子之後[4]
  • 論據:
    • 清代袁枚認為,《論語》、《孟子》提及山嶽之名,均稱泰山;而《中庸》獨稱華嶽,疑出於西京儒士附會。
    • 清代崔述《洙泗考信錄》認為:
      • 孔孟之言,均平實切用;惟《中庸》探賾索隱,欲極微妙之致。
      • 《論語》之文,應該是曾參門人所記,正與子思同時。《論語》文句簡潔易明,《孟子》文句通暢詳盡,然而《中庸》文句則繁複隱晦。
      • 「在下位」以下十六句,亦見於《孟子‧離婁》。傳統認為是孔子的言論,子思述說並傳予孟子。但孔子名言甚多,孟子引述時必稱「孔子曰」,為何偏偏在這裡不同?
部分孔伋作[4]
  • 論據:日本學者武內義雄《子思子考》:
    • 《中庸》本《子思子》首篇(隋書音樂志引梁沈約:「中庸:取子思子」)
    • 《中庸》上卷(一至十九章)及下卷(二十章以後)思想、文體、內容均異。上卷尚有子思舊文,應寫於戰國初期,下卷則寫於秦末。
    • 下卷第二十八章第二段:【今天下,車同軌,書同文,行同倫】四句,可證實為後所注。而漢初因秦始皇焚書,漢儒搜集倖存之書,力於恢復內容,並獨尊儒術,推測本書為當時引儒家典籍加以撰寫而成。

論據:台湾姜廣輝 《郭店楚簡與早期儒學》:不能因為《中庸》中有「今天下車同軌,書同文,行同倫」之語,就推翻「子思作《中庸》」的成說。[5]

中庸一詞的意思

宋明理學傳統闡述中庸的字面意思是:「中者,不偏不倚、無過不及之名;庸,平常也。」然而也有一些學者認為宋明理學傳統對於中庸的闡釋有所錯誤。他們認為先秦「中庸」一詞所謂的「中」乃是指「心中內在」的修持功夫,而非是指「不偏不倚處於中間」的行持處事。這兩方的思想差異可以參考下述外部連結的相關資料。

再參照《大學》:「此謂誠於中行於外。」二者其實兼而有之,「心中內在」的修持工夫若不失其正,其行止自然「不偏不倚處於中間」。

注疏

参见

註釋

  1. ^ 鄭玄《禮記正義》庸,常也。用中为常,道也。
  2. ^ 朱熹《中庸章句》右第一章。子思述所传之意以立言:首明道之本原出于天而不可易,其实体备于己而不可离,次言存养省察之要,终言圣神功化之极。盖欲学者于此反求诸身而自得之,以去夫外诱之私,而充其本然之善,杨氏所谓一篇之体要是也。其下十章,盖子思引夫子之言,以终此章之义。
  3. ^ 《中庸》自诚明,谓之性;自明诚,谓之教。诚则明矣,明则诚矣。
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 陳耀南. 典籍英華上冊. 臺灣: 臺灣學生書局. 1982年5月: 55 (中文). 
  5. ^ 姜廣輝. 郭店楚簡與早期儒學. 國學論文. 2006 [2017-06-25]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-01). 

參考文獻

延伸阅读

[在维基数据]

维基文库中的相关文本:禮記/中庸》(维基共享资源阅览影像
维基文库中的相关文本:四書章句集註/中庸章句
维基文库中的相关文本:欽定古今圖書集成·理學彙編·經籍典·中庸部》,出自陈梦雷古今圖書集成

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