社会成本

社会成本（英语：social cost）是一个新古典经济学中的概念。社会成本是当交易发生时生产者的私人成本和对与交易无关的第三方造成的（未被考虑在交易内的）负面影响的总和。[1] 换句话说，就是私人与外部成本的总和。

私人成本指的是生产商在生产过程中的直接成本。而社会成本还包含了那些实际存在却在自由市场下不会被考虑到的的负面影响。这些影响（如噪音和环境污染）的结果不需要也无法由问题的引发者（也就是生产者）承担而是由完全无关的第三方承担，便成为了外部的成本。这些外部成本不会被消费者和生产者考虑到，因为生产者只会考虑私人的成本——那些由生产者自己承担的成本和责任。[2]

定义

数学上来讲，社会边际成本就是私人边际成本和边际外部性的总和。[3]举例来说，当一个商家在出售果汁的时候，考虑到的私人成本就是例如水果这些原材料的成本、人工成本还有这些支出的机会成本等的总和。而外部的边际负面影响则有运输导致的排放和道路拥堵、铺设店面的时候对其他居民的干扰等。在做经济学假设（例如绘制曲线）的时候，这两项成本都会被假定为“最优的”（也就是说，在对应的数量下这些成本是尽可能低的）。[2]

参考资料

  1. ^ "Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco"
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 de V. Graaff J. (1987). "Social Cost". In: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  3. ^ Jonathan Gruber, Public Finance and Public Policy, Fourth Edition, 2012 Worth Publishers

延伸阅读

  • Berger, Sebastian. 2017. The Social Costs of Neoliberalism - Essays on the Economics of K. William Kapp, Nottingham: Spokesman.
  • Gruber, Jonathan. “Tobacco at the crossroads: the past and future of smoking regulation in the United States.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 15.2 (2001): 193–212.
  • Social Costs and Public Action in Modern Capitalism (2006), edited by Wolfram Elsner, Pietro Frigato and Paolo Ramazzotti, Routledge.
  • Nordhaus, William D., and Joseph Boyer. “Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming.” MIT Press (MA), 2000.
  • Hazilla, M. and R. J. Kopp. 1990. Social cost of environmental quality regulations: a general equilibrium analysis. Journal of Political Economy, 98 (4): 853–873.
  • Gramlich, E. M. 1981. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Government Programs. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Parry, Ian, W. H., Margaret Walls, and Winston Harrington. 2007. "Automobile Externalities and Policies." Journal of Economic Literature, 45(2): 373–399.

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