效用

效用(英語:Utility),是微观经济学中最常用的概念之一。一般而言,效用是指对于消费者对各种財貨和服务的消费或投资的相对满意度的度量。对于投资而言,是指投资者从不同的投资组合中获得的满意度。基于理性选择理论的经济学理论通常认为消费者会尽可能最大化其效用。边际效用会随着財貨或服务的供应增加而减少,称为边际效用递减原理。

历史

效用的概念是丹尼尔·伯努利在解释圣彼得堡悖论(丹尼尔的堂兄尼古拉一世·伯努利设计出来的一个悖论)时提出的,目的是挑战以金额期望值(expected monetary value, EMV)作为决策标准的理论。

丹尼尔·伯努利对这个悖论的解答在1738年的论文裡,主要包括两条原理:

  1. 边际效用递减原理:一个人对于财富的占有多多益善,即效用函数一阶导数大于零;随着财富的增加,满足程度的增加速度不断下降,效用函数二阶导数小于零。
  2. 最大效用原理:在风险和不确定条件下,个人的决策行为准则是为了获得最大期望效用值而非最大期望金额值。

效用的基数性和序数性

经济学家对于效用的理解是有一个过程的。19世纪的杰文斯瓦尔拉斯马歇尔等早期经济学家认为效用如同人们的身高和体重一样是可以测量的,而约翰·希克斯(John Hicks)於1946年尝试了只在序数性效用的假定下,也取得了很多的研究成果。约翰·希克斯认为,效用的数值表现只是为了表达偏好的顺序,并非效用的绝对数值。保罗·萨缪尔森也认为效用反映着人的欲望,而欲望是无法具体度量的,只能通过人们满足自己的愿望付出了多少价格来判断[1]:78。从教科书等内容判断,现在比较通用的应该是后者的序数性效用。

边际效用

假设一个经济中存在种財貨,消费者从消费財貨向量:

来得到效用。为了集中讨论效用问题,我们这里不考虑消费约束,也就是说消费者不用担心自己是否能够承担这些消费。假设消费者的效用函数存在(效用函数的存在性证明需要较大篇幅,这里不予给出),则可以表示成:

边际效用可以定义为,在其他情况不变的情况下,消费者透过增加一个单位的財貨的消费导致的效用的增加量。形式上,可以用下面的表达式来表示:

参考文献

引用

  1. ^ Marshall, Alfred. Principles of Economics. An introductory volume 8th. London: Macmillan. 1920. 

来源

书籍

参见

Read other articles:

Accenture plcSebelumnyaAndersen Consulting(1989–2000)JenisPublikKode emitenNYSE: ACN (Kelas A)Komponen S&P 100Komponen S&P 500ISINIE00B4BNMY34IndustriJasa profesionalDidirikan1989; 35 tahun lalu (1989)KantorpusatDublin, IrlandiaWilayah operasiSeluruh duniaTokohkunciDavid Rowland(Chairman Eksekutif)Julie Sweet(CEO)JasaStrategi & Konsultansi, Interaktif, Teknologi, dan Operasi[1]Pendapatan US$44,33 milyar (2020)[2]Laba operasi US$6,51 milyar (2020)[2]L...

 

 

Artikel ini bukan mengenai Stasiun Sukaraja. Stasiun Sokaraja Sokaraja+96 m Fasad stasiun Sokaraja, Mei 2022LokasiJalan Amad IISokaraja Kidul, Sokaraja, Banyumas, Jawa TengahIndonesiaKoordinat{{WikidataCoord}} – missing coordinate dataKetinggian+96 mOperator Kereta Api IndonesiaDaerah Operasi V Purwokerto Letakkm 37+578 lintas Maos-Purwokerto Timur-Banjarnegara-Wonosobo[1] Layanan-KonstruksiJenis strukturAtas tanahInformasi lainKode stasiun SOK 2229[2] KlasifikasiIII/kecil&#...

 

 

Italian economist and academic, religious sister, and Holy See official Alessandra SmerilliF.M.A.TitlePhDPersonalBorn (1974-11-14) 14 November 1974 (age 49)Vasto, ItalyReligionCatholicNationalityItalianAlma materRoma Tre University, University of East Anglia, Pontifical Faculty of Educational Sciences AuxiliumProfessionEconomist, Secretary of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human DevelopmentOrderSalesian Sisters of Don Bosco F.M.A.Senior postingAwardsOrder of the Star of ItalyP...

Intercollegiate sports teams of Virginia Military Institute VMI KeydetsUniversityVirginia Military InstituteConferenceSouthern (primary)MAAC (women's water polo, men's lacrosse)America East (swimming & diving)NCAADivision I (FCS)Athletic directorJim MillerLocationLexington, VirginiaVarsity teams16Football stadiumAlumni Memorial FieldBasketball arenaCameron HallBaseball stadiumGray–Minor StadiumSoccer stadiumPatchin FieldLacrosse stadiumAlumni Memorial FieldMascotKangaroo (Moe)NicknameKe...

 

 

Island in Lyakhovsky Islands, Russia 74°00′N 140°30′E / 74.000°N 140.500°E / 74.000; 140.500 Map showing the location of Lyakhovsky Islands Maly Lyakhovsky Island (Russian: Малый Ляховский) is the second largest of the Lyakhovsky Islands belonging to the New Siberian Islands archipelago in Laptev Sea in northern Russia. It has an area of 975.5 km2 (376.6 sq mi).[1] The Lyakhovsky Islands are named in honour of Ivan Lyakhov, ...

 

 

Iranian ski resort For the village in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, see Dizin, Sistan and Baluchestan. DizinDizin ski resortDizinLocation within IranLocationKaraj, IranCoordinates36°02′57″N 51°25′02″E / 36.04917°N 51.41722°E / 36.04917; 51.41722Top elevation3600m (11,811 ft)Base elevation2650m (8,694 ft)Skiable area469haTrails24[1]Lift system4 gondolas3 chairlifts9 Surface liftsSnowmakingNoNight skiingNoWebsitehttp://www.dizinskiresort.com D...

Sebuah jalan intake atau Lorong masukan adalahperangkat seperti piring persegi panjang, dalam asupan udara dari mesin jet, yang dirancang untuk menghasilkan gelombang kejut untuk membantu proses kompresi inlet di kecepatan supersonik.[1] Jalan duduk di sudut akut membelokkan udara masuk dari arah longitudinal. Pada penerbangan kecepatan supersonik, defleksi aliran udara menciptakan gelombang kejut miring di ujung jalan depan. Udara melintasi gelombang kejut tiba-tiba melambat ke bawa...

 

 

Lettera a MeneceoAltri titoliLettera sulla felicità Busto di Epicuro (Pergamonmuseum, Berlino) AutoreEpicuro 1ª ed. originaleIII secolo a.C. Genereepistola Sottogenerefilosofica Lingua originalegreco antico Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale La Lettera a Meneceo, anche nota come Lettera sulla felicità, è il testo più famoso di Epicuro, di carattere morale. Indice 1 Struttura e contenuto 1.1 Il tetrafarmaco 1.2 La classificazione dei desideri 1.3 La classificazione dei piaceri...

 

 

Corchorus olitorius Pour les articles homonymes, voir Corète. Cet article est une ébauche concernant la flore. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Corchorus olitorius Corète potagèreClassification Règne Plantae Division Magnoliophyta Classe Magnoliopsida Ordre Malvales Famille Tiliaceae Genre Corchorus EspèceCorchorus olitoriusL., 1753[1] Classification phylogénétique Classification phylogén�...

Former borough in England Non-metropolitan district and borough in EnglandBorough of WellingboroughNon-metropolitan district and boroughShown within NorthamptonshireSovereign stateUnited KingdomConstituent countryEnglandRegionEast MidlandsCeremonial countyNorthamptonshireAdmin. HQWellingboroughGovernment • TypeBorough Council of Wellingborough • Leadership:Alternative - Sec.31 • Executive:  • MPs:Peter Bone • Leader of the ...

 

 

Questa voce sull'argomento allenatori di pallacanestro israeliani è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Muli Katzurin Nazionalità  Israele Altezza 192 cm Pallacanestro Ruolo Allenatore Termine carriera 2015 CarrieraCarriera da allenatore 1978-1979 Hapoel Tel Aviv(vice)1979-1981 Mac. Ramat Gan(vice)1981-1982 Beitar Tel Aviv(vice)1982-1984Maccabi South Tel Aviv1984-1985 Mac. Ramat Gan1985-1987 Hapoel Holon1987-19...

 

 

Australian government body Food Standards Australia New ZealandFSANZAgency overviewFormed1991Employees102 (2016)[1]WebsiteOfficial website Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) (Māori: Te Mana Kounga Kai – Ahitereiria me Aotearoa), formerly Australia New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA), is the statutory authority in the Australian Government Health portfolio that is responsible for developing food standards for Australia and New Zealand. Description FSANZ develops the standar...

土库曼斯坦总统土库曼斯坦国徽土库曼斯坦总统旗現任谢尔达尔·别尔德穆哈梅多夫自2022年3月19日官邸阿什哈巴德总统府(Oguzkhan Presidential Palace)機關所在地阿什哈巴德任命者直接选举任期7年,可连选连任首任萨帕尔穆拉特·尼亚佐夫设立1991年10月27日 土库曼斯坦土库曼斯坦政府与政治 国家政府 土库曼斯坦宪法 国旗 国徽 国歌 立法機關(英语:National Council of Turkmenistan) ...

 

 

ヨハネス12世 第130代 ローマ教皇 教皇就任 955年12月16日教皇離任 964年5月14日先代 アガペトゥス2世次代 レオ8世個人情報出生 937年スポレート公国(中部イタリア)スポレート死去 964年5月14日 教皇領、ローマ原国籍 スポレート公国親 父アルベリーコ2世(スポレート公)、母アルダその他のヨハネステンプレートを表示 ヨハネス12世(Ioannes XII、937年 - 964年5月14日)は、ロ...

 

 

Stasiun Kayakusa萱草駅Stasiun KayakusaLokasiMizukamiguchi Anikayakusa, Kitaakita-shi, Akita-ken 018-4745JepangKoordinat39°57′30.97″N 140°24′44.50″E / 39.9586028°N 140.4123611°E / 39.9586028; 140.4123611Koordinat: 39°57′30.97″N 140°24′44.50″E / 39.9586028°N 140.4123611°E / 39.9586028; 140.4123611OperatorAkita Nariku RailwayJalur■ Jalur NairikuLetak38.1 kilometer dari TakanosuJumlah peron1 peron sampingInformasi lainSt...

Superstition in American baseball Babe Ruth as a member of the 1918 Boston Red Sox, the final season before the drought External images Picture of the graffitied reverse curve road sign Removal of the sign (then re-graffitied to read reversed the curse) by a crew including Governor Mitt Romney, following Boston's 2004 World Series victory. The Curse of the Bambino was a superstitious sports curse in Major League Baseball (MLB) derived from the 86-year championship drought of the Boston Red So...

 

 

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) جزء من سلسلة مقالات حول القضية الفلسطينيةعملية السلام الإسرائيلية الفلسطينية التاريخمؤتمر لوزان1949اتفا...

 

 

American actress, comedian, and voice actor Cristela AlonzoAlonzo at the PaleyFest preview for CristelaBorn (1979-01-06) January 6, 1979 (age 45)Hidalgo, TexasMediumStand-up, television, filmYears active1995–presentGenresObservational comedy, blue comedy, physical comedy, surreal humor, satireSubject(s)Latin American culture, everyday life, sex, racism, social awkwardnessPartner(s)Stephen Halasz (2008–present)Websitecristelaalonzo.com Cristela Alonzo (born January 6, 1979[1&#...

Compton Chineclass=notpageimage| Compton Chine on the Isle of Wight Compton Chine Compton Chine is a geological feature on the south west coast of the Isle of Wight, England. It lies between the village of Brook to the east and Freshwater Bay to the west. It is a small sandy coastal gully, one of a number of such chines on the island created by stream erosion of soft Cretaceous rocks. It leads from the 50 foot high clifftop to the beach of Compton Bay. The Chine drains water off the slopes o...

 

 

Cet article est une ébauche concernant un producteur de cinéma américain et un scénariste. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les conventions filmographiques. Pour les articles homonymes, voir Gardner et Sullivan. C. Gardner SullivanBiographieNaissance 18 septembre 1884StillwaterDécès 5 septembre 1965 (à 80 ans)Los AngelesNationalité américaineFormation Université du MinnesotaActivités Scénariste, écrivain, producteur de cinéma...