弗朗索瓦·魁奈

弗朗索瓦·魁奈
Tableau economique, 1965

弗朗索瓦·魁奈(法語:François Quesnay法语:[fʁɑ̃swa kɛnɛ],1694年6月4日—1774年12月16日),法國經濟學家重农主义的領袖、政治經濟學體系的先驅。被称为“欧洲的孔夫子[1]

生平

魁奈早年以行医为生,后在任路易十五宮廷御醫時开始研究經濟學

1758年魁奈写出著名的《經濟表》,他用圖表來說明社會各經濟階級和部門的相互關係,以及在它們之間支付的流通,並提出了經濟平衡的假說。

他提倡自由放任經濟政策(该思想——甚或名字——很可能来自中国无为哲学的启发[2][3])。

魁奈对中国的經濟有所研究,曾著有《中华帝国的专制制度》。

魁奈更提出“纯产品学说”,他认为物质才是财富,唯有农业才能使财富增加,而工业只能改变财富的形态,不能增加财富的数量,服务业更不能增加财富的数量。並進一步提出“土地单一税理论”,也就是說既然农业创造出纯产品,所以他主张只对土地的收入征缴税收。

後來的李克洲认为,魁奈的经济思想,来源于他所处的时代。为此,李克洲對魁奈提出“纯产品学说”的解釋為:「魁奈时代的法国,农业中已经产生资本主义生产关系,而在工业中,资本主义生产关系还没有发展起来,还是由小业主性质的生产经营占据主导地位。」

可見因為魁奈所處的农业社會環境,當時的確存在“纯产品”(利润)這種現象,但是在工业社會中,這種觀念就不存在了。

因此马克思在《剩余价值理论》中指出:“在重农学派本身得出的结论中,对土地所有权的表面上的推崇,也就变成了对土地所有权的经济上的否定和对资本主义生产的肯定”。

因此,在农业中,存在“纯产品”(利润),而在工业中,就不存在“纯产品”(利润)。但魁奈由于没有所有权决定价值的思想,因此他错误地认为,“纯产品”来自自然的恩惠。

雖然時空背景如此,但是他很得亞當斯密的尊重。

亞當斯密曾在1764年至1766年間和他的弟子一同遊覽歐洲,大多是在法國,在那裡斯密也認識了許多知識份子的精英。

魁奈身為重農主義學派的領導人,斯密極為尊重他的理論。但是亞當斯密在1776年出版《國富論》一書,就否定了重農主義學派對於土地的重視,相反的,斯密認為勞動才是最重要的,而勞動分工將能大量的提升生產效率。

參考文獻

  1. ^ Derk Bodde. CHINESE IDEAS IN THE WEST (PDF). ASIAN TOPICS IN WORLD HISTORY (Columbia University). 2005 [2015-04-08]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-10-09). 
  2. ^ 1 Source (PDF). [2008-03-04]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2008-03-07). 
  3. ^ "The Eastern Origins of Western Civilization", John M. Hobson, p.196

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