皮薩諾龍屬

皮萨诺龙属
化石时期：三叠纪晚期,228–216.5 Ma
皮薩諾龍的想像圖
保护状况
无效状况
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲： 蜥形纲 Sauropsida
亚纲： 雙孔亞綱 Diapsida
下纲： 主龍形下綱 Archosauromorpha
演化支： 主龍型類 Archosauriformes
演化支： 鑲嵌踝類 Crurotarsi
演化支： 主龍類 Archosauria
演化支： 鳥蹠類 Avemetatarsalia
演化支： 鳥頸類主龍 Ornithodira
演化支： 恐龍形態類 Dinosauromorpha
演化支： 恐龍型類 Dinosauriformes
属： †皮萨诺龙属 Pisanosaurus
Casamiquela, 1967
模式種
皮薩諾龍
Pisanosaurus mertii
Casamiquela, 1967

皮薩諾龍屬（學名：Pisanosaurus）又名匹薩諾龍、皮薩龍、比辛奴龍或皮沙諾龍，是二足的原始鳥臀目恐龍，生存於晚三疊紀的南美洲。其學名來自牠的發現者皮薩諾。

皮薩諾龍是在1967年由阿根廷古動物學家Rodolfo Casamiquela敘述、命名。模式種是P. mertii，也是唯一的種。化石發現於阿根廷的伊斯基瓜拉斯托組（Ischigualasto Formation），年代屬於三疊紀晚期的诺利階，約2億2800萬到2億1650萬年前。

自從發現以來，皮薩諾龍的分類、演化位置長期處在爭議。最近幾年的意見傾向於，皮薩諾龍是一种非恐龙恐龙形类。

敘述

皮薩諾龍的骨架模型

皮薩諾龍是種小型草食性恐龍，身長約1公尺，身高30公分。牠的重量約2.27到9.1公斤[1]。這些數據因皮薩諾龍的化石不完整而有所改變。某些研究人員參考其他早期鳥臀目恐龍，將皮薩諾龍重建為尾巴與身體等長[2]；但由於沒有發現皮薩諾龍的尾巴，這僅止於推測。

發現與命名

在1967年，阿根廷古動物學家Rodolfo Casamiquela將這些化石敘述、命名。模式種是P. mertii，屬名意為「皮薩諾的蜥蜴」，以阿根廷古動物學家Juan A. Pisano為名[1][3]。皮薩諾龍的化石目前只有發現一個零碎的骨骼，編號為PVL 2577，發現於阿根廷的伊斯基瓜拉斯托組（Ischigualasto Formation）[4]。

分類

 
   鳥臀目   
 

 皮薩諾龍

 
         
  畸齒龍科  
 

 醒龍  

 
 

 畸齒龍  

 
 
  頜齒類  
 

裝甲亞目

 
 

新鳥臀類

 
 
 
 
本支序圖取自於理察·巴特勒等人的2008年研究，本圖指出皮薩諾龍是已知最原始的鳥臀目恐龍[4]。

皮薩諾龍是種非常原始的鳥臀目動物；牠們的顱後骨骼似乎缺乏任何鳥臀目的共有衍徵。保羅·塞里諾（Paul Sereno）曾經在1991年指出皮薩諾龍的化石是種嵌合體[5]。這幾年的研究多認為皮薩諾龍的化石來自於單一個體[4][6]。

皮薩諾龍曾經被歸類於畸齒龍科，或是已知最原始的鳥臀目恐龍。在2008年，理察·巴特勒（Richard J. Butler）提出皮薩諾龍部署於畸齒龍科，而且是已知最早、最原始的鳥臀目恐龍[4]。

在1967年，Rodolfo Casamiquela命名皮薩諾龍時，也建立了皮薩諾龍科（Pisanosauridae），模式屬是皮薩諾龍[7]。在1976年，何塞·波拿巴（José Bonaparte）提出皮薩諾龍科是畸齒龍科的異名，之後皮薩諾龍科被廢除、不被正式使用[8]。

古生態學

皮薩諾龍的化石發現於阿根廷的伊斯基瓜拉斯托組（Ischigualasto Formation）。過去認為這個地層的年代屬於三疊紀中期[8]，目前認為這個地層的年代屬於三疊紀晚期的诺利階，約2億2800萬到2億1650萬年前[4]。該地层發現了犬齒獸類、二齒獸類、植龙目、迅猛鱷科、鳥鱷科、堅蜥目，以及腔骨龙、理理恩龙等原始恐龍[8]。

參考文獻

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. (2008) Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages Supplementary Information （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  2. ^ Holtz, Thomas R. Jr. The Dinosaur Family Tree: What is a dinosaur?. University of Maryland Department of Geology. 2006 [2008-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-23）. 
  3. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 1980. ISBN 0-19-910207-4. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Butler, Richard J.; Upchurch, Paul and Norman, David, B. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2008, 6 (1): 1–40 [2008-08-09]. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002271. （原始内容存档于2021-03-05）. 
  5. ^ Sereno, P.C. Lesothosaurus, "fabrosaurids", and the early evolution of Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1991, 11: 168–197. 
  6. ^ Irmis, R.B.; Parker, W.G., Nesbitt, S.J. and Liu, J. Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record. Historical Biology. 2007, 19: 3–22. 
  7. ^ Casamiquela, R.M. Un nuevo dinosaurio ornitisquio triásico (Pisanosaurus mertii; Ornithopoda) de la Formación Ischigualasto, Argentina. Ameghiniana. 1967, 4 (2): 47–64. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bonaparte, J.F. Pisanosaurus mertii Casamiquela and the origin of the Ornithischia. Journal of Paleontology. 1976, 50 (5): 808–820 [2008-08-09]. 
  • （西班牙文）*Casamiquela, R.M. Un nuevo dinosaurio ornitisquio triásico (Pisanosaurus mertii; Ornithopoda) de la Formación Ischigualasto, Argentina. Ameghiniana. 1967, 4 (2): 47–64. 

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