B组链球菌(Group B streptococcus,GBS),也称为无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae),是一种通常被认为是新生儿早发性感染的主要病因。B组链球菌是一种有包膜的革兰氏阳性球菌,定植于孕妇的消化道和泌尿生殖道。这种病原体是垂直传播的(在分娩开始后从母亲的阴道直接传播到婴儿的羊水中)。由于B组链球菌的高患病率,在孕期进行例行筛查以检测细菌是很有必要的。如果在母体的消化道和泌尿生殖道中发现此细菌,母亲将接受静脉注射抗生素(通常是青霉素或氨苄青霉素)。[9]
甲型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis A virus,HAV)是一种无包膜的单链RNA病毒,通过粪口途径传播,主要传播途径是密切接触或摄入受污染的食物或水。在怀孕期间,甲型肝炎可导致胎盘早剥、羊水早破和早产率增加。
乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)是一种有包膜的双链DNA病毒,通过接触血液传播,主要传播途径是血液传播、性传播或围产期传播。在怀孕期间,急性乙型肝炎感染会导致早产、低出生体重和妊娠糖尿病的风险增加。慢性乙型肝炎感染是全球最大的问题。慢性乙型肝炎感染可导致急性肝功能衰竭和谷丙转氨酶升高。还存在母婴传播的风险,主要发生在在受感染母亲分娩新生儿期间。一些受感染的新生儿会发展为急性乙型肝炎,并出现腹胀、黄疸、粘土色大便和发育迟缓等症状。然而,大多数受感染的新生儿没有症状,但会在血液中持续存在乙型肝炎表面抗原和转氨酶水平升高。[20][21]
丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C virus,HCV)是一种有包膜的单链RNA病毒,通过接触血液传播,主要传播途径是血液传播、性传播或围产期传播。慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染可能会影响妊娠结局,例如小于胎龄儿、宫内死亡、低出生体重和早产的发生率增加,但尚未观察到这些不良结局与丙型肝炎感染之间存在明确关联。此外,母婴传播的风险也会增加,主要归因于分娩过程中的事件。[20]
丁型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis D virus,HDV)是一种单链RNA病毒,通过接触血液传播,主要传播途径是血液传播、性传播或围产期传播。关于丁型肝炎感染对胎儿或婴儿结局影响的研究有限,但人们认为其影响与乙型肝炎感染相似。[20]
戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus,HEV)是一种无包膜的单链RNA病毒,通过粪口途径传播,主要传播途径是密切接触或摄入受污染的食物或水。在怀孕期间,急性戊型肝炎感染会导致不良妊娠结局增加,例如孕产妇和胎儿发病率和死亡率增加、急性肝功能衰竭以及与早产相关的并发症。[20]
^Neil K. Kaneshiro; David Zieve; Isla Ogilvie, eds. (December 4, 2013). "Neonate". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
^Mary T. Caserta (October 2015). "Overview of Neonatal Infections". Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
^Singh M, Alsaleem M, Gray CP. Neonatal Sepsis. [Updated 2022 Sep 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531478/
^Suzanne Reuter, Chuanpit Moser, Michelle Baack; Respiratory Distress in the Newborn. Pediatr Rev October 2014; 35 (10): 417–429. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.35-10-417
^Brenda L Tesini (September 2022). "Antibiotics in Neonates". Merck Sharp & Dohme Corporation. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
^Singh M, Alsaleem M, Gray CP. Neonatal Sepsis. [Updated 2022 Sep 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531478/
^Camacho-Gonzalez A, Spearman PW, Stoll BJ. Neonatal infectious diseases: evaluation of neonatal sepsis. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2013 Apr;60(2):367-89. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2012.12.003. Epub 2013 Jan 17. PMID 23481106; PMCID: PMC4405627
^Cantey, Joseph B; Edwards, Morven S (2022). "Clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis of sepsis in term and late preterm neonates" Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Accessed on January 31, 2023)
^Santos RP, Tristram D. A practical guide to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of neonatal infections. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2015 Apr;62(2):491-508. doi: 10.1016/j.pcl.2014.11.010. PMID 25836710; PMCID: PMC7127476
^Sejal Makvana, Leonard R. Krilov; Escherichia coli Infections. Pediatr Rev April 2015; 36 (4): 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1542/pir.36-4-167
^Speer, Michael E. (2023). "Gonococcal infection in the newborn" Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Accessed on February 16, 2023)
^"Listeria (Listeriosis)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^"Tetanus and neonatal tetanus (NT)". WHO Western Pacific Region. Archived from the original on 2014-05-03.
^Hughes, Brenna L; Cu-Uvin, Susan. (2022). "Intrapartum management of pregnant women with HIV and infant prophylaxis in resource-rich settings" Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Accessed on February 16, 2023)
^Abbas M, Bakhtyar A, Bazzi R. Neonatal HIV. [Updated 2022 Sep 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565879/
^Demmler-Harrison, Gail J. (2021). "Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: Clinical features and diagnosis" Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Accessed on February 5 2023).
^Demmler-Harrison, Gail J. (2022). "Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection: Clinical features and diagnosis" Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Accessed on January 31, 2023)
^Lanzieri, Tatiana; Redd, Susan; Abernathy, Emily; Icenogle, Joseph. (2022). "Chapter 15: Congenital Rubella Syndrome". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Accessed on February 16, 2023.
^"Epidemiological update: Outbreaks of Zika virus and complications potentially linked to the Zika virus infection". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
^ 22.022.122.222.3Martin, Richard. Fanaroff and Martin's neonatal-perinatal medicine : diseases of the fetus and infant. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4557-5617-9; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
^Cantey, Joseph B; Edwards, Morven S (2022). "Clinical features, evaluation, and diagnosis of sepsis in term and late preterm neonates" Post TW, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc. (Accessed on January 31, 2023
^Kenner, Carole. Comprehensive neonatal nursing care 5th. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. 2014. ISBN 978-0-8261-0975-0. Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
^van de Laar, Rafli; van der Ham, David P.; Oei, S. Guid; Willekes, Christine; Weiner, Carl P.; Mol, Ben W.J. Accuracy of C-reactive protein determination in predicting chorioamnionitis and neonatal infection in pregnant women with premature rupture of membranes: A systematic review. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2009, 147 (2): 124–129. ISSN 0301-2115. PMID 19819609. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.09.017.
^Mayhall, C. Hospital epidemiology and infection control. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. ISBN 978-1-60831-300-6; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
^Ohlsson, Arne; Shah, Vibhuti S; Stade, Brenda C; Ohlsson, Arne. Vaginal chlorhexidine during labour to prevent early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal infection. Reviews. 2014, 12 (12): CD003520. PMID 25504106. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003520.pub3.
^ 41.041.141.241.3Hollier, Lisa M; Wendel, George D; Hollier, Lisa M. Third trimester antiviral prophylaxis for preventing maternal genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) recurrences and neonatal infection. Reviews. 2008, (1): CD004946. PMID 18254066. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004946.pub2; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
^Isaacs, David. Evidence-based neonatal infections. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell. 2014. ISBN 978-0-470-65460-6; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
^ 55.055.155.2MacDonald, Mhairi. Avery's neonatology : pathophysiology and management of the newborn. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. 2015. ISBN 978-1-4511-9268-1; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh.
^Baucells, B.J.; Mercadal Hally, M.; Álvarez Sánchez, A.T.; Figueras Aloy, J. Asociaciones de probióticos para la prevención de la enterocolitis necrosante y la reducción de la sepsis tardía y la mortalidad neonatal en recién nacidos pretérmino de menos de 1.500g: una revisión sistemática. Anales de Pediatría. 2015, 85 (5): 247–255. ISSN 1695-4033. PMID 26611880. doi:10.1016/j.anpedi.2015.07.038.
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