贫血

貧血
又称anemia
一位缺铁性贫血患者的外周血涂片。( Human blood from a case of iron-deficiency anemia
读音
症状疲倦、虛弱、呼吸困难昏迷英语Presyncope[1]
类型血行疾病[*]血细胞变少[*]血液系统症状[*]疾病
病因出血紅血球生成減少、紅血球溶解增加[1]
診斷方法血红蛋白[1]
患病率23.6 億 / 33% (2015)[2]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科血液學
ICD-9-CM285.9、​285.8
DiseasesDB663
MedlinePlus000560
eMedicine198475、​780334、​780176
Orphanet108997
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

貧血(英語:anemia)通常定義為血液中紅血球血紅素總數量下降的情形[3][4];也可以被定義為血液攜帶氧氣能力下降的情況[5]。當貧血慢性發作時,其症狀往往不明顯,可能包含疲倦、虛弱、呼吸困難或活動能力下降;有時急性發作,就會出現較為強烈的症狀,可能包含意識不清感覺將要昏倒以及想喝更多水。在一個人面色蒼白得很明顯之前,就已經有顯著的貧血狀況了。依據不同病因,可能會出現額外的症狀[1]

貧血的原因總共分為三種主要類型:一為失血;二為紅血球製造數量下降;三為紅血球細胞分解增加。失血可能是由於創傷以及消化道出血等;紅血球製造減少的原因包括鐵質缺乏維生素B12缺乏症地中海型貧血、以及各種骨髓相關的腫瘤英语Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues等等。造成紅血球分解增加的原因包括基因上的異常(例如鐮刀型貧血)、感染(例如瘧疾)、以及自體免疫性疾病。貧血也可以依紅血球的大小每個紅血球中的血紅素量進行分類。如果紅血球較正常小,則稱為小球性貧血英语Microcytic_anemia (microcytic anemia);如果較正常大則是巨球性貧血英语Macrocytic_anemia(macrocytic anemia);如果大小在正常範圍內則屬於正常血球性貧血英语Normocytic_anemia(normocytic anemia)。 貧血診斷標準可根據血紅素量(Hemoglobin)或血容比(血細胞壓積)(Hematocrit; Hct)。 在男性血紅素正常是130-140 g/L(13-14 g/dL),但女性正常是120-130 g/L(12-13 g/dL)[1][6][7]。在男性血容比正常是41-50%,但女性血容比正常是36-44%[1][6][7]。至於貧血的真正原因則需要更進一步的測試才能知道病因[1]

红细胞容量测定复杂,临床常以血红蛋白浓度(Hb)、红细胞计数(RBC)、血容比(血细胞压积)(Hct)等指标替代,这就可能造成:

對部分族群而言───比方說孕婦───服用鐵劑一類的營養補充品對預防貧血是有幫助的[1][8],但是並不推薦用在貧血原因尚不明的病人。進行輸血治療的時機一般視症狀而定[1]。對於沒有症狀的病人而言,血紅素值只要不低於60-80 g/L(6-8 g/dL)就不建議給予輸血[1][9],這樣的標準也可以套用在部分急性出血的病人身上[1]。紅血球生成刺激劑一般只建議用於嚴重貧血的患者身上[9]

貧血是血液疾病中最常見的一種,影響了全球四分之一的人口[1]。全世界大約有十億人患有缺鐵性貧血[10]。女性比男性更容易患病[10],而孩童、孕婦以及年長者也較容易患病[1]。貧血會增加醫療照護的成本,也會讓患者失去工作的能力而降低其生產力[6]。其英文名源自古希臘文:「ἀναιμία(anaimia)」,字根為「ἀν-(an-),否定」,以及「αἷμα(haima),血液」。

诊断

(单位:g/L)
标准 6月龄~6- 6岁~14岁 成年男性 成年女性 孕妇
1972'WHO <110 <120 <130 <120 <110
中国 <110 <120 <120 <110 <100
  • 小于6月龄的婴儿,血红蛋白浓度变化较大,中国小儿血液学组1989年初定的标准是:
    • 出生~28日龄:<145g/L
    • 1月龄~4月龄:<90g/L
    • 4月龄~6月龄:<100g/L
  • 贫血是一种继发性改变,因此,贫血的病因诊断更为重要(详见贫血的病因)。

分度

依据血红蛋白浓度(Hb)分度

(单位:g/L)
轻度 中度 重度 极重度
成人 下限~90 90-~60 60-~30 <30
儿童 下限~90 90-~60 60-~30 <30
新生儿 144~120 120-~90 90-~60 <60

分型

病因及发病机制

红细胞生成减少性贫血

造血原料异常所致贫血

  • 缺铁性贫血(Iron Deficiency Anemia):體內鐵量不足所造成—主要是因為人體吸收不足(如胃切除、胃酸缺乏、偏食);攝取太少(如懷孕、早產兒、癌症);或因流失太多(如手術大量出血、月經、消化道潰瘍出血及痔瘡出血)所導致。患缺鐵性貧血時,必須注意是否有因胃潰瘍、胃癌、痔瘡等引起出血; 若為女性尚要注意是否有子宮肌腫或子宮癌,以便治療。主要以鐵劑治療[11]。國人正常成年男性對鐵的需求建議量約10 mg/天,女性因月經週期或懷孕期的需求建議量增加為15 mg/天。鐵通常以口服投藥,但是在特殊狀況下可以注射給藥[12]。口服鐵劑: (1) Ferrous sulfate(硫酸亞鐵):由腸道吸收良好,是最常用的鐵劑。在酸性環境中有助吸收,因此可伴隨攝取酸性食物及Vit.C,雖然飯前口服吸收較好,但對胃腸道具有刺激性。(2) 類似藥物:Ferrous gluconate、Ferrous fumarate、Ferrous Succinate(為有機鐵劑,對胃刺激性較輕微)[12]。2. 注射鐵劑:快速補充鐵,當胃腸道手術時可使用注射製劑,臨床較少使用。(1) Iron dextran:深部肌肉注射或緩慢靜脈注射給藥。(2) 類似藥物:鐵—山梨醇(Iron sorbitol)只以深部肌肉注射給藥[12]
  • 铁粒幼细胞性贫血:多种原因导致的红细胞铁利用障碍。
  • 巨幼细胞贫血(Megaloblastic Anemia):叶酸和/或维生素B12,缺乏維生素B12或葉酸而易使造血系統的DNA合成異常,產生不成熟的巨母紅血球,此細胞攜氧功能差。缺乏維生素B12之原因有飲食缺乏、肝病造成利用不良,如果是缺乏內在因子(intrinsic factor)使Vit.B12吸收不足所造成之缺乏又稱惡性貧血(pernicious anemia)。治療上主要以Vit.B12及葉酸治療[11]。Folic acid(葉酸)為重要的水溶性B群維生素,在體內還原成四氫葉酸,可攜帶碳基,以供應紅血球生成。綠色蔬菜、酵母及小麥製品含有豐富的葉酸,攝取不足是缺乏葉酸的主因,其他如服用二氫葉酸還原酶抑制劑(如抗癌藥物及抗癲癇藥物)、酗酒者、小腸疾病吸收不良等會造成葉酸缺乏,或對葉酸需求量增加時(如白血病、懷孕及哺乳)也會造成葉酸缺乏[12]。Cyanocobalamin(維生素B12;Vit.B12)為細胞生長與複製時必須的輔酶,可由微生物發酵取得,肝臟、肉類、魚類及牛乳食品含量豐富。有些植物裡也擁有維生素B12:例如香菇、紫菜、海帶、大豆、全麥、糙米、海藻、小麥草、米糠、雛菊、大豆、泡菜、各種發酵的豆製品(例如:味噌湯、豆腐乳與豆豉)和酵母衍生食物(例如:無酒精啤酒)等等。另外有些植物像是綠藻的維生素B12含量還比動物性食物更多。東方醫學也指出例如當歸明日葉康復力等中草藥都含有維生素B12[來源請求]。一般維生素B12之製劑副作用小,常以肌肉、深部皮下或靜脈注射給藥30 mcg/天,亦有口服製劑1~25 mcg/天,惡性貧血之病人需長期持續的治療。類似藥物如Hydroxocobalamin、Cobamamide、Methycobalamin等[12]

造血细胞异常所致贫血

紅血球生成素(Erythropoietin; EPO)缺乏症:當人體缺氧時可刺激腎臟分泌紅血球生成因子,影響血漿中紅血球生成素原活化。洗腎或腎衰竭病人因無法分泌紅血球生成因子,造成紅血球生成素缺乏,而影響紅血球的生成,可以皮質醇及EPO治療[11]

造血调节异常所致贫血

红细胞破坏过多性贫血(即溶血性贫血

红细胞异常所致溶血

红细胞胞外环境异常所致溶血

失血性贫血

  • 急性失血性贫血
  • 慢性失血性贫血

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 Janz, TG; Johnson, RL; Rubenstein, SD. Anemia in the emergency department: evaluation and treatment.. Emergency medicine practice. Nov 2013, 15 (11): 1–15; quiz 15–6. PMID 24716235. 
  2. ^ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 8 October 2016, 388 (10053): 1545–1602. PMC 5055577可免费查阅. PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. 
  3. ^ Anemia. http://www.merriam-webster.com/. [2014-07-07]. (原始内容存档于2014-08-26). 
  4. ^ Stedman's medical dictionary 28th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006: Anemia. ISBN 9780781733908. 
  5. ^ Hematology : clinical principles and applications 3. ed. Philadelphia: Saunders. 2007: 220 [2014-10-24]. ISBN 9781416030065. (原始内容存档于2014-07-27).  Authors list列表中的|first1=缺少|last1= (帮助)
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Smith RE, Jr. The clinical and economic burden of anemia.. The American journal of managed care. 2010-3,. 16 Suppl Issues: S59–66. PMID 20297873. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Office of Dietary Supplements - Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Iron. [2017-08-14]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-04) (英语). 
  8. ^ Bhutta, ZA; Das, JK; Rizvi, A; Gaffey, MF; Walker, N; Horton, S; Webb, P; Lartey, A; Black, RE; Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review, Group; Maternal and Child Nutrition Study, Group. Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?. Lancet. 2013-08-03, 382 (9890): 452–77. PMID 23746776. 
  9. ^ 9.0 9.1 Qaseem, A; Humphrey, LL; Fitterman, N; Starkey, M; Shekelle, P; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of, Physicians. Treatment of anemia in patients with heart disease: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians.. Annals of internal medicine. 2013-12-03, 159 (11): 770–9. PMID 24297193. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Vos, T; Flaxman, AD; Naghavi, M; Lozano, R; Michaud, C; Ezzati, M; Shibuya, K; Salomon, JA; et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. Dec 15, 2012, 380 (9859): 2163–96. PMID 23245607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Karen Whalen et al (编). Chapter 33-drugs for anemia. Pharmacology 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 2015. ISBN 9781451191776. 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 蔡秋帆、湯念湖、王耀宏合著. 藥理學 2014. 新文京開發有限公司. 2014. 
  1. 叶任高、陆再英.内科学.第6版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2004,558~563 ISBN 978-7-117-05903-9
  2. 杨锡强、易著文.儿科学.第6版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2004,397 ISBN 978-7-117-05847-6
  3. Lee Goldman, Dennis Ausiello.Cecil Medicine.23Ed, Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.2007
醫療科學 - 醫學 - 血液學 - 編輯
骨髓惡性腫瘤白血球
淋巴系統: 淋巴型白血病 (急性、 慢性) | 淋巴瘤 (何杰金氏病、 非何杰金氏淋巴瘤) | 淋巴增殖性病變 | 骨髓癌 (多發性骨髓癌、 質漿細胞瘤
骨髓: 骨髓性白血病 (急性、 慢性) | 骨髓增殖性疾病 (原發性血小板增多症、 紅血球增多症) | 骨髓成形不良症候群 | 骨髓纖維化 | 嗜中性白血球過低症
紅血球
贫血 | 血色病 | 鐮刀型紅血球疾病 | 地中海貧血 | 溶血反應 | 再生不良性貧血 | 蠶豆症 | 遺傳性球形紅細胞增多症 | 遺傳性橢圓形紅血球增多症 | 其他血紅蛋白病
凝血因子血小板
血栓形成 | 深靜脈血栓形成 | 肺栓塞 | 血友病 | 自發性血小板缺乏紫斑症 | 血栓性血小板缺乏紫斑症 | 彌散性血管內凝血

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Voce principale: Sportovní Klub Slavia Praha. Sportovní Klub Slavia PrahaStagione 2007-2008Sport calcio Squadra Slavia Praga Allenatore Karel Jarolím All. in seconda Petr Vrabec 1. ligaVincitore ČMFS PohárSecondo turno UEFA Champions LeagueFase a gironi Coppa UEFASedicesimi di finale Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Marek Suchý (26) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Stanislav Vlček (7)Totale: Stanislav Vlček (9) 2006-2007 2008-2009 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce racco...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Barthez. Fabien Barthez Barthez à l'entraînement avec l’Olympique de Marseille en 2006. Biographie Nom Fabien Alain Barthez Nationalité Française Naissance 28 juin 1971 (53 ans) Lavelanet (France) Taille 1,80 m (5′ 11″)[1] Période pro. 1990-2007 Poste Gardien de but Pied fort Gauche[2] Parcours junior Années Club 0000-1986 Stade lavelanétien 1986-1990 Toulouse FC Parcours senior1 AnnéesClub 0M.0(B.) 1990-1992 Toulouse FC 028 0(0)...

 

1945 novel by C. S. Lewis The Great Divorce First editionAuthorC. S. LewisOriginal titleWho goes home?LanguageEnglishGenreReligious, ChristianPublisherGeoffrey Bles (UK)Publication date1945Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typeHardcover & paperbackPages118 (hardback)TextThe Great Divorce online The Great Divorce is a novel by the British author C. S. Lewis, published in 1945, based on a theological dream vision of his in which he reflects on the Christian conceptions of Heave...

Catholic Church in PortugalPortuguese: Igreja Católica em PortugalCathedral of Saint Mary Major, the seat of the Cardinal-Patriarch of LisbonTypeNational polityClassificationCatholicOrientationLatinScriptureBibleTheologyCatholic theologyGovernanceEpiscopal Conference of PortugalPopeFrancisPrimateJorge OrtigaPatriarch of LisbonManuel IIIApostolic NuncioIvo ScapoloRegionPortugalLanguagePortuguese, LatinHeadquartersLisbon CathedralFounderSt. Peter of RatesOrigin44 A.D. Lusitania, Roman EmpireO...

 

Unlawful killing of another human by criminally negligent or murderous operation of a vehicle For terrorist attacks, see Vehicle-ramming attack. The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onHomicide Murder Note: Varies by jurisdiction Assassination Attempted murd...