The graphemes <gb> and <kp> are described both as implosives and as coarticulated /ɡ/+/b/ and /k/+/p/, thus both values are included in the table.
<m> and <n> each represent two phonemes: a nasal consonant and a syllabic nasal.
Tones are sometimes indicated in writing, and sometimes not. When tone is indicated, low tones are shown with a grave accent over the vowel, for example <a> → <à>, and high tones with an acute accent over the vowel, for example <a> → <á>.
^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Igbo. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
Awde, Nicholas and Onyekachi Wambu (1999) Igbo: Igbo-English/English-Igbo Dictionary and Phrasebook New York: Hippocrene Books.
Emenanjo, 'Nolue (1976) Elements of Modern Igbo Grammar. Ibadan: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-154-078-8
Surviving the iron curtain: A microscopic view of what life was like, inside a war-torn region by Chief Uche Jim Ojiaku, ISBN1-4241-7070-2; ISBN978-1-4241-7070-8 (2007)
International Phonetic Association (1999) Handbook of the International Phonetic AssociationISBN0-521-63751-1