约鲁巴语

约鲁巴语
Èdè Yorùbá
母语国家和地区尼日利亚贝宁多哥
母语使用人数
4500萬 (2021)
語系
官方地位
作为官方语言尼日利亚贝宁多哥
語言代碼
ISO 639-1yo
ISO 639-2yor
ISO 639-3yor

约鲁巴语約魯巴語èdè Yorùbá)是西非超过4500万人使用的語言,[1]约鲁巴人的母语。其通行地區橫跨了尼日利亚贝宁多哥塞拉利昂、北加纳,形成一個方言连续体。在巴西[2]古巴[3]也有使用約魯巴語的移民族群。

约鲁巴语为孤立声调语言,意即它沒有詞形變化,且以聲調辨義。約魯巴語的句法结构为SVO

音系

約魯巴語有三種可能的音節:單獨母音(V)、子音+母音(CV)和母音化鼻音(N)。且每個音節都有三種聲調:高‹´›、中 ‹¯› (一般可不標明)和低‹`›。由'n̄ ò lọ'(意即「我不去」)這個句子可知約魯巴語的聲調結構:

  • [ŋ̄] - 意即「我」
  • ò — [ó] — 意即「不」,此為否定詞
  • lọ — [lɔ] — 意即「去」

母音

標準的約魯巴語具有七個非鼻化母音及五個鼻化母音。約魯巴語沒有雙母音,而多個並排的母音中,每個單獨的母音都為獨立音節,並以此發音。其他方言的母音數可能會有不同。

約魯巴語母音圖[4]非鼻化母音以黑點表示其位置;鼻化母音以著色色塊表其可能的範圍。
  非鼻化母音 鼻化母音
i u ĩ ũ
中閉 e o    
中開 ɛ ɔ ɛ̃ ɔ̃
a  

第五個鼻化母音[ã]的狀態是具爭議性的。雖然此音出現於交談中,但一些作者認為此音不與其他音素對立;而此音也常常是[ɔ̃]的自由變體[5]在書寫上,除非是在碰到做為/l/同位異音的[n](見「子音」一節)出現在鼻化母音前的狀況,例如inú這個表「內部、度子」的字,它在事實上的發音是[īnṹ][6],不然一般常藉由在母音符號後加‹n›來表鼻化母音(i.e., ‹in›, ‹un›, ‹ẹn›, ‹ọn›)

語法

語序

約魯巴語的語序如下[7]

約魯巴語語序示例如下:

O ra aga/(他買了椅子)

此句直譯為:他、買、椅子

ó nà Adé/(他打了Adé)

此句直譯為:他、打、Adé(Adé為一人名)

概覽

約魯巴語是種高度孤立的語言。[8]其基本語序,如上所述,為主詞─動詞─受詞(SVO)[9]

儘管約魯巴語的名詞在語法上沒有的區別,[10]但它在指人名詞和非指人名詞上是有分別的。做為原尼日尔-刚果语名詞類別系統的遺跡,約魯巴語的這種區別只在疑問代詞上是顯著的,其中tani(意即「誰?」)用於人;而kini(意即「什麼?」)用於人以外的事物。

代詞

約魯巴語不是一種代詞脫落語,通常在主詞的位置必須有東西,也就是說,像*ra aga這樣的句子通常是不能接受的;然而,在第三人稱單數代詞出現於否定詞kò或未來時標明yóò前時,主詞是可省略的,因此像Kò lọ(意即「(他)不去」)和yóò lo(意即「(他)將會去」)這樣的句子是可接受的。[11]

動詞

約魯巴語的動詞多半是單音節的,但亦有少部份有多個音節,且不随人稱做變化;另外,約魯巴語的一些動詞詞素是可拆開的,像fihàn(意即「介紹」)和bàjẹ́(意即「弄壞」)等動詞即為其例。如下所示(以下以粗體表示的部份為動詞詞素拆開後的各部份)[11]

  • fihàn:
Olu fi Ade han Ola - Olu將Ade介紹給了Ola
  • bàjẹ́:
Ojo ba isu naa jẹ́ - Ojo弄壞了蕃薯

約魯巴語有連動結構,它和漢語一樣,可在一個句子中將多個動詞並列。如下所示[11]

  • Olú sáré lọ sí Ìbàdàn - Olú很快地去了Ìbàdàn

此句中sáré和lọ皆為動詞,其中sáré之意為「跑」,lọ之意為「去」。

動詞詞幹單獨出現時表一個已完成的動作;時態與體會藉ń(此為現在進行式/非完成體標明)、ti(此為過去時標明)等來標明。另外約魯巴語透過加於動詞前的質詞來表示否定。


註釋

  1. ^ Ethnologue 2019
  2. ^ Alapini Mestre Didi Asipa. [2009-05-24]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-04). 
  3. ^ Anagó,vocabulario Lucumi, el Yoruba que se habla en Cuba, por Lydia Cabrera, prologo de Roger Bastide; Miami, coleccion del Chichereku, Ediciones Universal, 1986.
  4. ^ After Bamgboṣe (1969:166).
  5. ^ Notably, Ayọ Bamgboṣe (1966:8).
  6. ^ Abraham在他的Dictionary of Modern Yoruba一書中背離此慣例,明確地將這些鼻化母音的鼻化狀況表出,因此inú等字就變成了inún等的形式
  7. ^ 存档副本. [2013-05-01]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-01). 
  8. ^ Karlsson, F. Yleinen kielitiede. ("General linguistics") Helsinki: Helsinki University Press, 1998.
  9. ^ Rowlands, Evan Colyn. (1969). Teach Yourself Yoruba. English Universities Press: London.
  10. ^ Ogunbowale, P. O. (1970). The Essentials of the Yoruba Language. University of London Press: London.
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 存档副本 (PDF). [2013-05-01]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-01-25). 

參考文獻

  • Adetugbọ, Abiọdun. Towards a Yoruba Dialectology. Afọlayan (ed.) (编). Yoruba Language and Literature. 1982: 207–224. 
  • Afọlayan, Adebisi (ed.). Yoruba language and literature. Ifẹ / Ibadan: University of Ifẹ Press / Ibadan University Press. 1982. 
  • Ajayi, J.F. Ade. How Yoruba was Reduced to Writing. Odu: A Journal of Yoruba, Ẹdo and Related Studies. 1960, (8): 49–58. 
  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ. Assimilation and contraction in Yoruba. Journal of West African Languages. 1965a, (2): 21–27. 
  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ. Yoruba Orthography. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press. 1965b. 
  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ. Yoruba. Elizabeth Dunstan (ed.) (编). Twelve Nigerian Languages. New York: Africana Publishing Corp. 1969: 166. ISBN 0-8419-0031-0. 
  • Fagborun, J. Gbenga. The Yoruba Koiné – its History and Linguistic Innovations. LINCOM Linguistic Edition vol. 6. München/Newcastle: LINCOM Europe. 1994. 
  • Fresco, Max. Topics in Yoruba Dialect Phonology. (Studies in African Linguistics Supplement Vol. 1). Los Angeles: University of California, Dept. of Linguistics/ASC. 1970. 
  • Ladipọ, Duro. Ọba kò so (The king did not hang) — Opera by Duro Ladipọ. (Transcribed and translated by R.G. Armstrong, Robert L. Awujọọla and Val Ọlayẹmi from a tape recording by R. Curt Wittig). Ibadan: Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan. 1972. 
  • Oyètádé, B. Akíntúndé & Buba, Malami (2000) 'Hausa Loan Words in Yorùbá', in Wolff & Gensler (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd WoCAL, Leipzig 1997, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe, 241-260.
  • Oyenuga, Soji www.YorubaForKidsAbroad.com. Yoruba. Soji and Titi Oyenuga (编). Yoruba For Kids Abroad - Learn Yoruba In 27 Days. Saskatoon, Canada: Gaptel Innovative Solutions Inc. 2007: 27 days. ISBN. 

歷史

字典

  • Abraham, Roy Clive. Dictionary of Modern Yoruba. London: University of London Press. 1958. 
  • CMS (Canon C.W. Wakeman, ed.). A Dictionary of the Yoruba language. Ibadan: University Press. 1950 [1937]. 
  • Delanọ, Oloye Isaac. Atúmọ̀ ede Yoruba [short dictionary and grammar of the Yoruba language]. London: Oxford University Press. 1958. 
  • Sachnine, Michka. Dictionnaire yorùbá-français, suivi d’un index français-yorùbâ. Paris: Karthala. 1997. 

文法書籍

  • Adéwọlé, L.O. Beginning Yorùbá (Part I). Monograph Series no. 9. Cape Town: CASAS. 2000. 
  • Adéwọlé, L.O. Beginning Yorùbá (Part II). Monograph Series no. 10. Cape Town: CASAS. 2001. 
  • Bamgboṣe, Ayọ. A Grammar of Yoruba. [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1966. 
  • Crowther, Samuel Ajayi. Yoruba Grammar. London. 1852. 
    the first grammar of Yoruba.
  • Rowlands, E.C. Teach Yourself Yoruba. London: The English Universities Press. 1969. 
  • Ward, Ida. An introduction to the Yoruba language. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons. 1952. 

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