三氯化钌

三氯化钌
识别
CAS号 10049-08-8(无水)  checkY
13815-94-6(三水)  checkY
14898-67-0(水合)  checkY
PubChem 82323
ChemSpider 74294
SMILES
 
  • [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ru+3]
InChI
 
  • 1/3ClH.Ru/h3*1H;/q;;;+3/p-3
InChIKey YBCAZPLXEGKKFM-DFZHHIFOAX
RTECS VM2650000
性质
化学式 RuCl3
摩尔质量 207.43 g/mol g·mol⁻¹
熔点 >500 °C (分解)
溶解性 能溶
结构
晶体结构 trigonal (RuCl3), hP8
空间群 P3c1, No. 158
配位几何 八面体
危险性
欧盟编号 未列出
闪点 不易燃
相关物质
其他阴离子 三溴化钌
其他阳离子 三氯化铑
三氯化铁
三氯化锇
相关化学品 四氧化钌
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

三氯化钌分子式為RuCl3。一般所指的“三氯化钌”多指三氯化钌的水合物RuCl3·xH2O。无水三氯化钌和它的水合物均为棕黑色固体。三氯化钌的水合物通常是三水合物。这是一种钌化学常用的起始原料,可合成多个重要的、可作为均相催化剂或催化剂前体的钌配合物。

制备方法及性质

无水三氯化钌较少在反应中使用,通常可在氯气和一氧化碳组成的混合气(氯气和一氧化碳的比例为4;1)气氛中加热金属钌的粉末至700 °C来制得。产物以气流的形式逸出反应装置后冷却结晶[1]。三氯化钌晶体有两种晶形,黑色的α-RuCl3具有与三氯化铬相同的晶体结构,两个相邻的钌原子间的距离较长,达到346 pm。棕黑色的亚稳态β-RuCl3的以六角形的八面体结构为基本单元进行结晶,六角形结构的基本单元之间通过两两共面形成无限延长的链状结构,相邻的两个钌原子间的距离为283 pm。450–600 °C亚稳态的β-RuCl3不可逆地转变为α-RuCl3

气态的三氯化钌在高温下分解生成单质。

反应

水合三氯化钌和次氯酸钠水溶液反应,可以得到四氧化钌

2RuCl3·xH2O + 8 NaClO → 2 RuO4 + 8 HCl + 3 Cl2 + 3 H2O

三氯化钌在硫氰酸盐的浓溶液中可以形成红色的配合物[2],它加热变为紫色。[3]

三氯化钌和有机配体的反应

  • RuCl2(PPh3)3,一种可溶于苯的棕色固体,可用于催化苯乙烯的氢化。由三氯化钌的水合物和三苯基膦反应得到[4]
2RuCl3·xH2O + 7 PPh3 → 2 RuCl2(PPh3)3 + OPPh3 + 5 H2O + 2 HCl
  • [RuCl2(C6H6)],一种棕色的在苯中溶解度较差的配合物,可由三氯化钌的水合物与1,3-环己二烯脱氢反应制备[5]
2 RuCl3·xH2O + 2 C6H8 → [RuCl2(C6H6)]2 + 6 H2O + 2 HCl + H2

配体苯可与其他芳烃比如六甲基苯发生配体交换[6]

  • Ru(bipy)3Cl2可由2,2'-联吡啶与三氯化钌的醇溶液反应得到
RuCl3·xH2O + 3 bipy + 0.5 CH3CH2OH → [Ru(bipy)3]Cl2 + 3 H2O + 0.5 CH3CHO + HCl
2 RuCl3·xH2O + 2 C10H16 + CH3CH2OH → [(Cymene)RuCl2]2 + 6 H2O + CH3CHO + 2 HCl
  • RuCl(PPh3)25-C5H5)可由水合三氯化钌和三苯基膦、环戊二烯在乙醇溶液中加热反应得到[8]
RuCl3·xH2O + 2 PPh3 + C5H6 + 0.5 C2H5OH → RuCl(PPh3)25-C5H5) + 3 H2O + 0.5 CH3CHO + HCl
RuCl3·xH2O + 3 C5H8O2 → Ru(C5H7O2)3 + 3 H2O + 3 HCl

三氯化钌和一氧化碳反应

与同族的铁的氯化物几乎不与一氧化碳反应的性质形成对比,水合氯化钌能与一氧化碳在温和的条件下反应[12]。一氧化碳可将三价的氯化钌还原成黄色的二价钌物种。特别是在1atmCO气氛下的水合三氯化钌的乙醇溶液中取决于具体反应条件的不同,会反应产生[Ru2Cl4(CO)4]、 [Ru2Cl4(CO)4]2-或[RuCl3(CO)3]-

3 RuCl3·xH2O + 4.5 Zn + 12 CO (高压) → Ru3(CO)12 + 3 H2O + 4.5 ZnCl2

参考资料

  1. ^ Remy, H.; Kühn, M. Beiträge zur Chemie der Platinmetalle. V. Thermischer Abbau des Ruthentrichlorids und des Ruthendioxyds. Z. Anorg. Chem. 1924, 137 (1): 365–388. doi:10.1002/zaac.19241370127. 
  2. ^ Ruth Powers Yaffe. Thiocyanate, thiourea, and dithiooxamide complexes of ruthenium. Iowa State University, 1951. (Dissertation 14185)
  3. ^ 陈寿椿. 重要无机化学反应(第三版). 钌化合物的反应. pp 1165.
  4. ^ P.S. Hallman, T.A. Stephenson and G. Wilkinson, Inorg Synth., 1970, 12, 237
  5. ^ Bennett, M. A. & Smith, A. K. Arene ruthenium(II) complexes formed by dehydrogenation of cyclohexadienes with ruthenium(III) trichloride. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1974: 233–240. doi:10.1039/DT9740000233. 
  6. ^ Bennett, M. A.; Huang, T. N.; Matheson, T. W. and Smith, A. K. (η6-Hexamethylbenzene)ruthenium Complexes. Inorg. Synth. Inorganic Syntheses. 1982, 21: 74–8. ISBN 978-0-470-13252-4. doi:10.1002/9780470132524.ch16. 
  7. ^ Bennett, M. A.; Huang, T. N.; Matheson, T. W., Smith, A. K. Di-μ-chloro-bis[chloro-(η6-1-isopropyl-4-methylbenzene)ruthenium(II)]. Inorganic Syntheses. 1982, 21: 75. 
  8. ^ M. BRUCE, C. Hahfeister, A. G. Swinger and R C. Wallis. Some η5-clcyopentadienylruthenium(II) Complexes Containing Triphenylphospine. Inorganic Syntheses. 1992, 21: 79–80. 
  9. ^ A. Johnson and G. W. Everett. A Comparison of Proton and Deuteron Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Some Paramagnetic Transition Metal Complexes. I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94 (5): 1419–1425. doi:10.1021/ja00760a001. 
  10. ^ “Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie,” 8th ed, Ruthenium Erganzungsband, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1970, p 468.
  11. ^ Philip A. Reynolds, Joe W. Cable, Alexander N. Sobolev and Brian N. Figgis. Structure, covalence and spin polarisation in tris(acetylacetonato)-ruthenium(III) studied by X-ray and polarised neutron diffraction. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1998: 559–569. doi:10.1039/A706681C. 
  12. ^ Hill, A. F. "Simple" Ruthenium Carbonyls of Ruthenium: New Avenues from the Hieber Base Reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2000, 39 (1): 130–134. PMID 10649352. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000103)39:1<130::AID-ANIE130>3.0.CO;2-6. 

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