İran halkları

İran halkları
İrani dili halkların coğrafi dağılımı
Önemli nüfusa sahip bölgeler
Diller
Din

İran halkları, Hint-Avrupa dil ailesine bağlı Hint-İran dillerinin, bir alt grubu olan İran dillerini[1] konuşan dilsel ve etnik toplulukların bir toplamıdır.[2][3] İran platosu boyunca Hindukuş Dağları'ndan Anadolu'ya kadar ve Orta Asya'dan Basra Körfezi'ne dek yayılmışlardır.[4] İran halkları veya İrani halklar ifadeleri, bugünkü İran devletinin sınırları içinde yaşayan İran vatandaşları ile karıştırılmaması için "İranlı" yerine kullanılmaktadır.

Tarih

Hint-İranlılar ile ilişkili arkeolojik kültürler

İran halklarının, Orta Asya'da Proto Hint-İranlılardan MÖ 2. binyılda türediği düşünülmektedir. İrani halklar, günümüzde yerleşik oldukları bölgelere gelmeden önce Güney Rusya, Balkanlar ve Ukrayna'dan, Tarım Havzası'na kadar, Avrasya stepleri ile İran platosu ve Orta Asya'da yaşıyorlardı.[5][6] Sintaşta, Andronovo, BMAC ve Yaz kültürleri Hint-İran kavimleri ile ilişkilendirilmiştir.

Batı İran halkları MÖ 6. yüzyıl civarında Antik Çağ devletleri arasında baskın güce gelerek önemli kültürel etkiler bırakmışken, Doğu İran halkları Avrasya boyunca göçebeliğin yayılmasında ve İpek Yolu'nun oluşumunda rol oynamıştır.[7][8]

MÖ 2. yüzyılda İran halkları

MÖ 1. milenyumdan sonra ortaya çıkan antik İran halkları arasında Alanlar, Baktriyalılar, Harezmler, Massagetler, Medler, Partlar, Farslar, Sakalar, Sarmatlar, İskitler, Soğdlar ve büyük olasılıkla Kimmerler yer almaktaydı. Bugün Doğu Avrupa nehirlerinin isimleri bu eski Proto-İran halklarının dillerinden gelmektedir. (Proto-İran dilinden “Duna” (nehir) kökünden, Tuna, Don, Dinyeper (Duna Apara=Yakın Nehir) ve Dinyester (Duna Astara=Uzak Nehir) nehirlerinin isimleri türemiştir.

MS 1. binyılda Avrasya'nın stepleri ve çöllerini kapsamış İrani halkların yayılma alanları, Slav, Cermen, Türk ve Moğol halklarının bölgelere yayılması ile küçülmüş, pek çok İrani halk Slavlaşmış[9][10] veya Türkleşmiştir.[11][12] Günümüzde kuzeyde Kafkasya, güneyde İran platosu, batıda Doğu Anadolu, doğuda ise Tarım Havzası'na yayılmış[13] modern İran halkları arasında Tatlar, Beluçlar, Zazalar, Gilekler, Kürtler, Lurlar, Mazenderanlar, Osetler, Pamirler, Peştular, Farslar, Tacikler, Talışlar ve Yagnobiler bulunmaktadır. İrani halkların yaşadığı bu bölge bazen Büyük İran olarak adlandırılır.[14]

Resim galerisi

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

  1. ^ J. Harmatta in "History of Civilizations of Central Asia", Chapter 14, The Emergence of Indo-Iranians: The Indo-Iranian Languages, ed. by A.H. Dani & V.N. Masson, 1999, p. 357
  2. ^ "The Kurds of Iraq: Recent History, Future Prospects by Carole A. O’Leary" 11 Temmuz 2007 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. — Middle East International Affairs, Vol. 6, No. 4 (December 2002) (retrieved 4 Haziran 2006)
  3. ^ "Iranian peoples" 3 Mart 2016 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. — Encyclopedia of the Ukraine (retrieved 4 Haziran 2006)
  4. ^ Frye, Richard Nelson, Greater Iran, ISBN 1-56859-177-2 p.xi: "... Iran means all lands and peoples where Iranian languages were and are spoken, and where in the past, multi-faceted Iranian cultures existed. ..."
  5. ^ "Iranian languages" 11 Ekim 2008 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. — Encyclopedia Britannica (retrieved 4 Haziran 2006)
  6. ^ "Scope of Iranian languages" 25 Mayıs 2009 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. — Encyclopedia Iranica (retrieved 4 Haziran 2006)
  7. ^ Annamoradnejad, Rahimberdi; Lotfi, Sedigheh (2010). "Demographic changes of nomadic communities in Iran (1956–2008)". Asian Population Studies. 6 (3). ss. 335-345. doi:10.1080/17441730.2010.512764. 
  8. ^ Beckwith 2009, ss. 58–77
  9. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. s. 523. (...) In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations. 
  10. ^ Slovene Studies. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. s. 36. (...) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others) and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs. 
  11. ^ Roy, Olivier (2007). The New Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Birth of Nations. I.B. Tauris. s. 6. ISBN 978-1-84511-552-4. The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian Plateau, which remained Persian and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the thirteenth century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris. 
  12. ^ Yarshater, Ehsan (15 Aralık 1988). "AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan". Encyclopædia Iranica. 11 Haziran 2019 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2020. 
  13. ^ Emmerick, Ronald Eric (23 Şubat 2016). "Iranian languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 Kasım 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 9 Eylül 2018. 
  14. ^ Frye, Richard Nelson (2005). Greater Iran. s. xi. ISBN 978-1-56859-177-3. (...) Iran means all lands and people where Iranian languages were and are spoken, and where in the past, multi-faceted Iranian cultures existed. 

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