Teorema de Taylor

Em cálculo, o Teorema de Taylor, recebe seu nome do matemático britânico Brook Taylor, quem o enunciou em 1712. Este teorema permite aproximar uma função derivável na vizinhança reduzida em torno de um ponto a: E (a, d) mediante um polinômio cujos coeficientes dependem das derivadas da função nesse ponto. Em termos matemáticos: Se ≥ 0 é um inteiro e uma função que é derivável vezes no intervalo fechado [, ] e n+1 no intervalo aberto ] , [, então, deduz-se que:

Onde, denota o fatorial de , e é o resto, termo que depende de e é pequeno se está próximo ao ponto . Existem duas expressões para que referem-se à continuação:

onde e , pertencem aos números reais, aos inteiros e é um número real entre e .

Se é expresso da primeira forma, é denominado Termo complementar de Lagrange, dado que o Teorema de Taylor enuncia-se como uma generalização do Teorema do valor médio ou Teorema de Lagrange, enquanto que a segunda expressão de R mostra ao teorema como uma generalização do Teorema fundamental do cálculo integral.

Para algumas funções , pode-se provar que o resto, , aproxima-se de zero quando aproxima-se do ∞; tais funções podem ser expressas como séries de Taylor em uma vizinhança reduzida ao redor de um ponto e são denominadas funções analíticas.

O teorema de Taylor com expresso da segunda forma é também válido se a função tem números complexos ou valores vetoriais. Além disso, existe uma variação do teorema de Taylor para funções com múltiplas variáveis.

Teorema de Taylor para várias variáveis

O Teorema de Taylor pode ser generalizado para o caso de várias variáveis da seguinte forma: seja B uma bola em RN de centro a, e f uma função de valores reais definida no fecho , possuindo n+1 derivadas parciais contínuas em todos os pontos. O teorema de Taylor afirma que para qualquer , temos

onde o somatório é feito sobre os multi-índices α (onde se utiliza a notação multi-índice nessa fórmula).

O termo restante satisfaz a desigualdade

para todo α onde |α| = n + 1. Tal qual no caso de uma variável, os termos de resto podem ser expressos explicitamente.

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