기름

신서릭(Synthetic) 자동차 기름
천연 올리브 기름

기름, (油), 오일(oil)은 동식물, 광물 등에서 얻을 수 있고 물과 섞이지 않는 가연성 물질이다.

상온에서 액체 기름과 고체 기름으로 구분짓는 경우도 있다. 용도는 식용, 연료용(주로 난방이나 자동차비행기 등 이동 수단 전용), 윤활유, 산업용 등으로 나눌 수 있다. 식물 기름이나 물고기의 기름 등에는 불포화 지방산이 많이 포함되고, 상온에서 고체인 고기의 지방 등에는 포화 지방산이 많이 포함되어 있다. 이 두 가지를 통틀어 유지(oils and fats)라고 일컫는다.

불포화 지방산과는 탄소사슬에 이중 결합이나 삼중 결합을 가지며, 알파 리놀 렌산, DHA, EPA로 대표되는 오메가3(n-3계)가 있다. 리놀산, γ-리놀 렌산, 아라키돈산으로 대표되는 오메가6(n-6계)가 있다. 올레인산으로는 오메가9(n-9계)가 있다. 포화 지방산과는 탄소사슬에 이중 결합 혹은 삼중 결합을 가지지 않는 것으로, 팔미틴산, 스테아린산[1] 등이 있다.

식물로부터 정제된 휘발성의 정유는 가볍게 물에 뜨는 것부터 기름이라고 일컫지만 지방산을 포함하지 않는 유지와는 구별된다. 더불어 석유 등의 광물에서 나온 휘발성 물질(경유, 등유 등)도 유지와는 구별된다.

한국의 유지 소비량은 25만 t 이상으로 그 중 우지·돈지·야자유·대두유·유채유·미강유·피마자유·팜유·아마인유 등이 대부분을 차지한다. 유채유·미강유 이외의 것은 수입하고 있다. 용도는 식용과 공업용이며, 공업용은 비누용·도료용·화장품원료·윤활유·의약용 등이다. 불포화유와 피마자유를 황산으로 처리한 황산화유는 농약과 유화제 등 계면활성제공업과 관계된다. 유지는 포마드 등의 원료로 화장품공업에도 널리 이용되고 있다. 유지의 가수분해 등으로 얻은 글리세롤과 지방산은 비누공업·고급 알코올 제조·다이너마이트 제조·합성수지 제조공업에 이용되고 있다.[2]

대표적인 기름

식물성

동물성

광물성

목적

요리

연료 및 난방

미용

공업

같이 보기

각주

  1. 스테아르산의 글리세리드로 고체 유지 성분이다.
  2. [네이버 지식백과] 유지의 용도 (두산백과 두피디아, 두산백과)

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