PROFILPELAJAR.COM

称号剥奪法
	英: 称号剥奪法
	議会制定法
正式名称	敵対的王侯貴族より英国爵位及び称号を剥奪する法律; (An Act to deprive Enemy Peers and Princes of British Dignities and Titles)
法律番号	7 & 8 Geo. 5 c. 47
日付
裁可	1917年11月8日
法律制定文
改正法の改訂条文

称号剥奪法（しょうごうはつだつほう、英: Titles Deprivation Act）は、イギリスの議会制定法。本法の施行により、第一次世界大戦中にイギリスと敵対する関係にあった王族・貴族は英国爵位や称号を剥奪された^[3]。本項では前段となったガーター勲位剥奪に関しても触れる。

制定に至る経緯

イギリス王室は元来、ドイツ連邦諸邦とはその歴史的経緯から密接な関係にあった。英国王ジョージ1世はブラウンシュヴァイク＝リューネブルク選帝侯家出身ながら、1714年にグレートブリテン王として即位したため、約1世紀にわたって英国とハノーファー王国は同君連合の関係にあった^[4]^[5]。

ヴィクトリアが1837年に即位すると両国の同君連合は解消されたが、ハノーファー王位は女王の叔父のエルンスト・アウグストに引き継がれた。ただ、ヴィクトリア女王がザクセン＝コーブルク＝ゴータ家出身のアルバートと結婚するなど、その後もイギリス王室とドイツ諸邦との関係は続いた^[4]^[6]。

しかし1914年に第一次世界大戦が勃発すると、イギリスとドイツ諸邦が敵対することとなり、王家同士も両陣営に分かれて戦う状況に陥った。

1914年 11月18日の議会において、南ドニゴール選挙区（英語版）選出の庶民院議員にして憲法学者スウィフト・マクニール（英語版）(1849-1926)は、ドイツ帝国を支持するカール・エドゥアルトとエルンスト・アウグストを裏切者として非難し、「彼らが最早わが国の爵位や（貴族院の）議席を喪失している点を明確にするいかなる措置が講じられているのか」と政府に説明を求めた^[7]^[8]。

1915年に入ると、有力紙『デイリー・テレグラフ』に「北部諸侯の乱（英語版）のときにガーター勲章を剥奪されたノーサンバーランド伯爵の先例にならい、皇帝（カイザー）の勲章も奪うべし」といった趣旨の投書がなされた^[9]。このとき国王ジョージ5世はアルフレッド・スコット＝ゲティガーター主席紋章官（英語版）に投書の内容の真偽を問うたが、ほどなくスコット＝ゲッティ紋章官から「投書の内容は史実であり、国王は騎士団の主権者として剥奪は可能」との返事を受け取っている^[10]。

イープルの戦いにおいて毒ガスが使用されたことで対独感情は悪化を続けた。この直後、新聞『デイリー・クロニクル』は聖ジョージ礼拝堂（英語版）に掲げられた独皇帝のバナーを『恥辱のバナー』とまで罵ったほか、国王には母アレクサンドラ王太后からも「速やかにバナーを引きずり下ろすべき」との手紙が舞い込むに至った^[11]。事ここに至ってジョージ5世も剥奪を決断し、1915年5月14日に騎士団員のドイツ皇帝ヴィルヘルム2世以下ドイツ諸侯やオーストリア皇帝フランツ・ヨーゼフ1世を対象にそのバナーを撤去した^[12]。ただしこの時も爵位を没収することは行わなかった^[13]^[14] 。

残る爵位に関してもアスキスや後任のロイド・ジョージは爵位を剥奪することに抵抗したにもかかわらず、件のマクニールは1918年に議席を失うまでなおも要求を続けた^[15]^[16]^[17]。マクニールが落選すると、南ハックニー選挙区（英語版）選出のホレイシオ・ボトムリー（英語版）(1860-1933)がその後を引き継いだ^[18]^[19]。

その後も高まり続ける反独感情を考慮した結果、英国議会は1917年に勲章を始めとする栄典のみならず、英国と敵対する王侯貴族に対して、その称号や爵位の剥奪を認可する本法を可決するに至った^[20]。

枢密院特別委員会

称号剥奪法には「国王は枢密顧問官よりなる委員会を設けることができる」と定める条文があったほか、その場合、枢密院司法委員会の少なくとも2人の委員を含めて審議を行ったうえで、同委員会の報告に基づいて剥奪する旨を規定していた^[21]。

委員会は、「今般の戦争において、いかなる者が英国及び同盟国に敵対的であるか、あるいは国王陛下の敵を支持しているか」に焦点を当て、該当する王侯貴族を報告する権限が与えられていた^[21]。

報告は、庶民・貴族両院の管理下に置かれ、両院が40日以内に報告不承認の動議を通過させなかったとしても、国王に報告書自体は提出されることになっていた。

また、称号剥奪法は「宣告を受けた者の後継者はその爵位にかかる回復請求を行うことができる」とも定めており、その場合、請願書は枢密院委員会に付託されたのち、請願者を復帰させるかどうかを審議及び裁定することを規定している。かつ、いかなる場合も、本法が「所領またはその他の財産を有する者ならびに、その相続人に影響を与えることはない」とも規定していた^[21]。

ジョージ5世は同法2条の規定に基づいて、以下の者を委員会委員に任命し、1917年11月27日付で委員会を招集した。


肖像	枢密院特別委員会委員	兼任
	初代フィンレイ子爵ロバート・フィンレイ（英語版）	大法官
	初代サンドハースト子爵ウィリアム・マンスフィールド（英語版）	宮内長官（英語版）
	第5代ランズダウン侯爵ヘンリー・ペティ＝フィッツモーリス	兼職なし
	初代クルー侯爵ロバート・クルー＝ミルンズ	ロンドン・カウンティ議会議長（英語版）
	第2代ニュートン男爵トマス・リー（英語版）	外務政務次官補（英語版）
	初代スタンフォーダム男爵アーサー・ビッグ（英語版）	国王秘書官（英語版）
	初代サムナー子爵ジョン・ハミルトン（英語版）	常任上訴貴族

委員会は、1918年8月1日に報告書をとりまとめ、両院に提出した。両院とも報告書の不承認を決議しなかったため、1919年3月28日に国王にも報告がなされた。ジョージ5世は同日付で、委員会報告書に記載されている者の剥奪を行うべく枢密院令を発した^[22]。

本法によって剥奪宣告を受ける者

1919年3月28日の枢密院令によって、次に掲げる者から、以下の爵位と称号が剥奪された^[22]。


宣告を受ける者	剥奪された爵位	剥奪された称号
カール・エドゥアルト (ザクセン＝コーブルク＝ゴータ公)	オルバニー公爵クラレンス伯爵アークロウ男爵	HRH
エルンスト・アウグスト (ハノーファー王太子)	カンバーランド＝テヴィオットデイル公爵アーマー伯爵	HRH
エルンスト・アウグスト (ブラウンシュヴァイク公)	※エルンスト・アウグスト (ハノーファー王太子) の子	HRH 王子（Prince）
第12代ターフェ子爵ハインリヒ・ターフェ（英語版）^[22]	ターフェ子爵バリモート男爵

オルバニー公爵及びカンバーランド＝テヴィオットデイル公爵の子孫は爵位回復請求権を有するが、2019年現在に至るまで同権利を行使していない^[23]。

また、ターフェ子爵位に関しては、爵位の継承資格を有する相続人リチャード（リヒャルト）・ターフェが1967年に男子なく死去したため、請求権者は存在しない。

脚注

[脚注の使い方]

^ Short title as conferred by s. 4 of the Act; the modern convention for the citation of short titles omits the comma after the word "Act".
^ “Westminster, 8 November 1917”. London Gazette. His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. Issue 30374, Page 11592 (1917年11月8日). 28 November 2011閲覧。 “The Royal Assent given to Titles-Deprivation Act, 1917.”
^ “Foreign Legislation-Great Britain”. American Bar Association Journal. 5. Chicago: American Bar Association. (1919). p. 289
^ ^a ^b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hanover (province)" . Encyclopædia Britannica (英語). Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 924.
^ Hatton, p. 109.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL)" . Encyclopædia Britannica (英語). Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 495.
^ Dod, Charles Roger (1902). Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Vol. 70. London: Whittaker & Co. pp. 302. "Called to the Irish Bar 1876 and joined the Munster circuit, a QC 1893. Elected Prof Constitutional and Criminal Law, Kings Inns, Dublin 1882 and again 1885, and has examined in the Law School of Dublin University. Author of "The Irish Parliament What it was and what it did, "How the Union was Carried" and other works. Has sat for Donegal South since Jan 1887. An Irish Nationalist."
^ MacNeil (18 November 1914). “ALIEN PEERS”. Hansard. His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. HC Deb 18 November 1914 vol 68 cc437-8W. 28 November 2011閲覧。 “Mr. Swift MacNeill asked the Prime Minister (1) whether he is aware that the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, in the peerage of Great Britain, and Earl of Armagh, in the peerage of Ireland, and a prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, is in command of troops in the German Army, engaged in active hostilities against the Sovereign and people of the British Empire; whether he is aware that the first Duke of Cumberland, the paternal grandfather of the present duke, after his accession to the throne of Hanover, took the oath of allegiance in England, and sat in the House of Lords as a peer of Great Britain by hereditary right; whether the present Duke of Cumberland, who was born a British subject, has since divested himself of his British nationality and, if so, how and when; and whether, having regard to the fact that the present Duke of Cumberland is in arms with the enemies of the British Empire against the Sovereign of that Empire, and guilty of high treason, any and, if so, what steps will be taken to secure that he shall no longer retain British and Irish titles or peerages and a seat in the House of Lords; and (2) whether he is aware that the Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence, and Baron Arklow, in the peerage of the United Kingdom, prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, is in command of troops in the German Army, engaged in active hostilities against the Sovereign and people of the British Empire; whether he is aware that the Duke of Albany was born in England, a subject of the British Crown, and succeeded, at his birth as a posthumous child, to these United Kingdom titles or peerages held by his father, who swore allegiance and sat as a peer of the United Kingdom in the House of Lords by hereditary right; whether the Duke of Albany has ever divested himself of his British nationality and, if so, how or when; and whether, having regard to the fact that the Duke of Albany is in arms with the enemies of the British Empire against the Sovereign of this Empire, and guilty of high treason, any and, if so, what steps will be taken to secure that he shall no longer retain United Kingdom peerages and titles and a seat in the House of Lords?”
^ 君塚 (2014), p. 170-171.
^ 君塚 (2014), p. 172-173.
^ 君塚 (2014), p. 173-176.
^ 君塚 (2014), p. 186.
^ Maer (16 November 2010). “Resignation, suspension and expulsion from the House of Lords”. House of Commons Library. p. 3. 28 November 2011閲覧。 “An Act of Parliament is needed to expel a peer”
^ “Takes Garter Order from Enemy Rulers: King George orders Austrians and Germans Stricken from the Roll” (PDF). The New York Times. (14 May 1915) 2 December 2011閲覧. ""The King, as sovereign of the Order of the Garter", says an official announcement issued this evening, "has given directions that the following names forthwith be struck off the roll of the Knights of the order: The Emperor of Austria, the German Emperor, the King of Württemberg, the Grand Duke of Hesse, Prince Henry of Prussia, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and the Duke of Cumberland.""
^ MacNeil (31 July 1918). “Titles Deprivation Act”. Hansard. His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. HC Deb 31 July 1918 vol 109 cc422-4. 28 November 2011閲覧。 “Mr. S. MacNeill asked the Prime Minister whether any, and, if so, what, steps have been taken under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act, 1917 which received the Royal Assent on 8th November, 1917, for the striking out of the Peerage Roll peers who have, during the present War, borne arms against His Majesty or who have adhered to His Majesty's enemies; and, if no steps for this purpose, as provided by Statute, have been taken, will he say what is the reason for the delay, having regard to the construction likely to be placed on the attitude of the Government in this matter?”
^ Legge, Edward (1915). The public and private life of Kaiser William II. London: Eveleigh Nash. pp. 135
^ “Assails traitor dukes, M.P. suggests Cumberland and Albany be dropped”. The New York Times. (13 April 1916) 2 December 2011閲覧. "Premier Asquith replied that he did not believe the time of the House would be employed profitably with such legislation."
^ Who was who: a companion to Who's who : containing the biographies of those who died during the period. London: A. & C. Black. (1967). pp. 686
^ Bottomley (1 May 1919). “Dukedoms of Albany and Cumberland”. Hansard. His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. HC Deb 01 May 1919 vol 115 cc316-7. 28 November 2011閲覧。 “Mr. Bottomley asked the Prime Minister whether it is proposed to abolish the peerages of which the Dukes of Albany and Cumberland have recently been deprived; and, if not, whether the heirs of such dukes will ultimately become eligible for the assumption of the titles?”
^ Lyon, Ann (20 March 2009). “Letters-How we stripped British princes of their peerages”. The Telegraph 2 December 2011閲覧。
^ ^a ^b ^c Act s. 3(1).
^ ^a ^b ^c “At the Court at Buckingham Palace, the 28th day of March, 1919.”. London Gazette. His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. Issue 31255, Page 4000 (28 March 1919). 28 November 2011閲覧。 “Their Lordships do humbly report to Your Majesty that the persons hereinafter named have adhered to Your Majesty's enemies during the present war: —His Royal Highness Leopold Charles, Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence and Baron Arklow; His Royal Highness Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, Earl of Armagh; His Royal Highness Ernest Augustus (Duke of Brunswick), Prince of Great Britain and Ireland; Henry, Viscount Taaffe of Corren and Baron of Ballymote”
^ “Albany, Duke of (UK, 1881 - 1919)”. www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk. 2020年1月1日閲覧。

参考文献

君塚, 直隆『女王陛下のブルーリボン-英国勲章外交史-』（初版）中央公論新社、東京都中央区〈中公文庫〉、2014年。ISBN 978-4122058927。
Hatton, Ragnhild (1978). George I: Elector and King. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-25060-X.

[1] Short title as conferred by s. 4 of the Act; the modern convention for the citation of short titles omits the comma after the word "Act".

[8_November_1917-2] “Westminster, 8 November 1917”. London Gazette. His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. Issue 30374, Page 11592 (1917年11月8日). 28 November 2011閲覧。 “The Royal Assent given to Titles-Deprivation Act, 1917.”

[3] “Foreign Legislation-Great Britain”. American Bar Association Journal. 5. Chicago: American Bar Association. (1919). p. 289

[EB19112-4] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hanover (province)" . Encyclopædia Britannica (英語). Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 924.

[FOOTNOTEHatton109-5] Hatton, p. 109.

[EB191122-6] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL)" . Encyclopædia Britannica (英語). Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 495.

[7] Dod, Charles Roger (1902). Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Vol. 70. London: Whittaker & Co. pp. 302. "Called to the Irish Bar 1876 and joined the Munster circuit, a QC 1893. Elected Prof Constitutional and Criminal Law, Kings Inns, Dublin 1882 and again 1885, and has examined in the Law School of Dublin University. Author of "The Irish Parliament What it was and what it did, "How the Union was Carried" and other works. Has sat for Donegal South since Jan 1887. An Irish Nationalist."

[8] MacNeil (18 November 1914). “ALIEN PEERS”. Hansard. His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. HC Deb 18 November 1914 vol 68 cc437-8W. 28 November 2011閲覧。 “Mr. Swift MacNeill asked the Prime Minister (1) whether he is aware that the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, in the peerage of Great Britain, and Earl of Armagh, in the peerage of Ireland, and a prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, is in command of troops in the German Army, engaged in active hostilities against the Sovereign and people of the British Empire; whether he is aware that the first Duke of Cumberland, the paternal grandfather of the present duke, after his accession to the throne of Hanover, took the oath of allegiance in England, and sat in the House of Lords as a peer of Great Britain by hereditary right; whether the present Duke of Cumberland, who was born a British subject, has since divested himself of his British nationality and, if so, how and when; and whether, having regard to the fact that the present Duke of Cumberland is in arms with the enemies of the British Empire against the Sovereign of that Empire, and guilty of high treason, any and, if so, what steps will be taken to secure that he shall no longer retain British and Irish titles or peerages and a seat in the House of Lords; and (2) whether he is aware that the Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence, and Baron Arklow, in the peerage of the United Kingdom, prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, is in command of troops in the German Army, engaged in active hostilities against the Sovereign and people of the British Empire; whether he is aware that the Duke of Albany was born in England, a subject of the British Crown, and succeeded, at his birth as a posthumous child, to these United Kingdom titles or peerages held by his father, who swore allegiance and sat as a peer of the United Kingdom in the House of Lords by hereditary right; whether the Duke of Albany has ever divested himself of his British nationality and, if so, how or when; and whether, having regard to the fact that the Duke of Albany is in arms with the enemies of the British Empire against the Sovereign of this Empire, and guilty of high treason, any and, if so, what steps will be taken to secure that he shall no longer retain United Kingdom peerages and titles and a seat in the House of Lords?”

[FOOTNOTE君塚2014170-171-9] 君塚 (2014), p. 170-171.

[FOOTNOTE君塚2014172-173-10] 君塚 (2014), p. 172-173.

[FOOTNOTE君塚2014173-176-11] 君塚 (2014), p. 173-176.

[FOOTNOTE君塚2014186-12] 君塚 (2014), p. 186.

[13] Maer (16 November 2010). “Resignation, suspension and expulsion from the House of Lords”. House of Commons Library. p. 3. 28 November 2011閲覧。 “An Act of Parliament is needed to expel a peer”

[14] “Takes Garter Order from Enemy Rulers: King George orders Austrians and Germans Stricken from the Roll” (PDF). The New York Times. (14 May 1915) 2 December 2011閲覧. ""The King, as sovereign of the Order of the Garter", says an official announcement issued this evening, "has given directions that the following names forthwith be struck off the roll of the Knights of the order: The Emperor of Austria, the German Emperor, the King of Württemberg, the Grand Duke of Hesse, Prince Henry of Prussia, the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and the Duke of Cumberland.""

[15] MacNeil (31 July 1918). “Titles Deprivation Act”. Hansard. His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. HC Deb 31 July 1918 vol 109 cc422-4. 28 November 2011閲覧。 “Mr. S. MacNeill asked the Prime Minister whether any, and, if so, what, steps have been taken under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act, 1917 which received the Royal Assent on 8th November, 1917, for the striking out of the Peerage Roll peers who have, during the present War, borne arms against His Majesty or who have adhered to His Majesty's enemies; and, if no steps for this purpose, as provided by Statute, have been taken, will he say what is the reason for the delay, having regard to the construction likely to be placed on the attitude of the Government in this matter?”

[16] Legge, Edward (1915). The public and private life of Kaiser William II. London: Eveleigh Nash. pp. 135

[17] “Assails traitor dukes, M.P. suggests Cumberland and Albany be dropped”. The New York Times. (13 April 1916) 2 December 2011閲覧. "Premier Asquith replied that he did not believe the time of the House would be employed profitably with such legislation."

[18] Who was who: a companion to Who's who : containing the biographies of those who died during the period. London: A. & C. Black. (1967). pp. 686

[19] Bottomley (1 May 1919). “Dukedoms of Albany and Cumberland”. Hansard. His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. HC Deb 01 May 1919 vol 115 cc316-7. 28 November 2011閲覧。 “Mr. Bottomley asked the Prime Minister whether it is proposed to abolish the peerages of which the Dukes of Albany and Cumberland have recently been deprived; and, if not, whether the heirs of such dukes will ultimately become eligible for the assumption of the titles?”

[20] Lyon, Ann (20 March 2009). “Letters-How we stripped British princes of their peerages”. The Telegraph 2 December 2011閲覧。

[:0-21] Act s. 3(1).

[28_March_1919-22] “At the Court at Buckingham Palace, the 28th day of March, 1919.”. London Gazette. His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. Issue 31255, Page 4000 (28 March 1919). 28 November 2011閲覧。 “Their Lordships do humbly report to Your Majesty that the persons hereinafter named have adhered to Your Majesty's enemies during the present war: —His Royal Highness Leopold Charles, Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence and Baron Arklow; His Royal Highness Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale, Earl of Armagh; His Royal Highness Ernest Augustus (Duke of Brunswick), Prince of Great Britain and Ireland; Henry, Viscount Taaffe of Corren and Baron of Ballymote”

[23] “Albany, Duke of (UK, 1881 - 1919)”. www.cracroftspeerage.co.uk. 2020年1月1日閲覧。

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

PROFILPELAJAR.COM

称号剥奪法 (1917年)

制定に至る経緯

枢密院特別委員会

本法によって剥奪宣告を受ける者

脚注

参考文献

Read other articles:

Caliphate (seri televisi)

Yes

Yeongnam Air

1598 en science

Европейская сардина

Douchy (Loiret)

Lengan baju

VAQ-144

Lebanon Road tram stop

Naissance en 1907

Brain ischemia

1972 Texas gubernatorial election

Rai Scuola

Rock and roll

Хмельницкий, Богдан Михайлович

30 South Colonnade

Estradiol benzoate/hydroxyprogesterone caproate

Sputnik crisis

ÖFB-Cup 1983-1984

Jacques-Louis Bance