Beachらの分類ではStageⅠ~StageⅣの4段階に分類される[19]。StageⅠではαシヌクレイン蓄積は嗅球に限局する。StageⅡでは脳幹優位(StageⅡa)または大脳辺縁系優位(StageⅡb)に分けられる。StageⅢではαシヌクレイン蓄積は脳幹と大脳辺縁系にほぼ同等認められる。StageⅣでは大脳新皮質に広がっている。この病期分類ではILBD(incidental Lewy body disease)の多くはStageⅡaに分類される。パーキンソン病やレビー小体型認知症はStageⅢまたはStageⅣに分類される。レビー小体を伴うアルツハイマー病はStageⅠまたはStageⅡbに分類される。
シヌクレインはゴマフシビレエイの発電器官に存在するシナプス小胞関連分子として最初にクローニングされた。シナプス小胞に加え核にも発現が認められたことからsynaptic and nuclear proteinとしてsynucleinと命名された。哺乳類のシヌクレインにはα、β、γの3つのサブユニットが存在し、このうち140アミノ酸からなる最大の分子種がαシヌクレインである。構造的にはKTKEVGの繰り返し配列を持ち、両親媒性のN末ドメイン、中央部の疎水性NAC(non-Aβ component of AD amyloid)ドメイン、陰性荷電したC末ドメインからなる。αシヌクレインはニトロ化、ジチロシン化、リン酸化、ユビキチン化、SUMO化(small ubiquitin-like modifier)など様々な翻訳後修飾を受ける。特にセリン129残基がリン酸化されたαシヌクレインは大部分のレビー小体で陽性になることが知られている。これまでの研究から点変異、酸化ストレス、ミトコンドリア障害、金属イオンへの暴露などによってαシヌクレインは線維化・凝集化を生じることが示されている。αシヌクレインはフィブリル形成に至る線維化の過程の中で、様々な中間凝集体を生じるが、成熟したフィブリルよりもプロトフィブリルをはじめとする可溶性の中間凝集体により強い細胞毒性があることが判明している。凝集αシヌクレインは細胞・オルガネラ膜破綻、小胞体ストレス、ミトコンドリア機能障害、プロテアソーム/リソソーム機能障害、細胞内輸送障害などを誘発し、細胞毒性発現に関与している可能性が指摘されている。
2003年にBraakらは認知症を伴わない孤発性パーキンソン病と偶発的レビー小体病(incidental Lewy body disease、iLBD)を含むコホートでαシヌクレイン陽性構造物の分布を検討した。彼らはαシヌクレイン病理が延髄迷走神経背側核にはじまり、橋青斑核を経て中脳黒質に進展し、さらには大脳辺縁系、大脳新皮質へ拡がることを示した[27]。その後、孤発性パーキンソン病の発症機序に鼻粘膜と腸管粘膜からの外来性の病原体の侵入が関与するというdual hit hypothesisを提唱した[28]。
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