Alfabeto fenicio

Storia dell'alfabeto

Media età del bronzo XIX secolo a.C.

Meroitico III secolo a.C.
Ogamico IV secolo d.C.
Scrittura mongola 1204 d.C.
Hangŭl 1443 d.C.
Sillabico canadese 1840 d.C.
Deseret 1850 d.C.
Zhuyin 1913 d.C.
Ol Chiki 1925 d.C.
Mandombe 1978 d.C.

L'alfabeto fenicio (definito alfabeto protocananeo per le iscrizioni anteriori al 1050 a.C.) era in uso presso i fenici, e gli aramei nell'VIII secolo a.C., per scrivere nella loro lingua, un idioma nord-semitico. Si tratta del più antico alfabeto conosciuto. I fenici scrivevano su fogli di papiro, lamine di metallo, legno, cuoio e pezzi di terracotta.

Quello fenicio era propriamente un abjad[1], cioè un alfabeto puramente consonantico, il che significa che era un sistema di scrittura composto da lettere consonanti della lingua. Alcune evoluzioni di quest’alfabeto iniziarono, però, a rappresentare tutti i suoni di una lingua, comprese le vocali.

Quest’alfabeto divenne uno dei maggiori sistemi di scrittura, diffuso dai commercianti fenici attraverso Europa e Medio Oriente, dove venne impiegato per una grande varietà di lingue.

Origine dei segni

Si è ipotizzato che derivi dal più antico alfabeto protosinaitico, sviluppato nella penisola del Sinai, partendo dalle forme di alcuni geroglifici (come bet per casa), con l'intermediario di Ugarit, dove veniva usato un alfabeto composto dal cuneiforme, per poi giungere nell'XI secolo a.C. in Fenicia.

La prima iscrizione si trova sul sarcofago di Ahiram di Biblo.

La Stele di Nora.

Alfabeto

Lettera Uni. Nome[2] Significato Fon. Lettera corrispondente in
Ebraico Siriaco Arabo Sudarabico Ge'ez Greco Latino Cirillico
Aleph 𐤀 ʾāleph bue, testa di bovino ʾ [ʔ] א ܐ Aleph Aa
Beth 𐤁 bēth casa/cortile b [b] ב ܒ bet Ββ Bb Бб, Вв
Gimel 𐤂 gīmel bastone da lancio (o cammello) g [ɡ] ג ܓ Gimel Γγ Cc, Gg Гг, Ґґ
Daleth 𐤃 dālet porta (o pesce) d [d] ד ܕ د Dalet Δδ Dd Дд
He 𐤄 finestra (o giubilo) [h] ה ܗ ه He (lettera) Ee , Єє, Ээ
Waw 𐤅 wāw uncino w [w] ו ܘ Waw (lettera) (), Ff, Uu, Vv, Yy, Ww (Ѵѵ), Уу, Ўў
Zayin 𐤆 zayin arma, freccia/ slitta z [dz] ז ܙ , ذ Zayin Zz Жж, Зз
Heth 𐤇 hēt cortile/muro/

corda(?)

h [ħ] ח ܚ ح, خ Heth, Ḫāʾ , Hh Ии, Йй
Teth 𐤈 tēt ruota [tˤ] ט ܛ ط, ظ Teth Θθ (Ѳѳ)
Yodh 𐤉 jōd braccio, mano j [j] י ܝ ي Yodh Ii, Jj , Її, Јј
Kaph 𐤊 kāph palmo di mano k [k] כ ܟ Kaph Kk
Lamedh 𐤋 lāmed pungolo l [l] ל ܠ Lamedh Λλ Ll Лл
Mem 𐤌 mēm acqua m [m] מ ܡ Mem Mm
Nun 𐤍 nūn serpente (o pesce) n [n] נ ܢ Nun Nn Нн
Samekh 𐤎 sāmek pilastro(?) ś [ts] ס ܣ, ܤ Samekh Ξξ, poss. poss. Xx (Ѯѯ), poss.
Ayin 𐤏 ʿayin occhio ʿ [ʕ] ע ܥ ع, غ Ayin Oο, Ωω Oo
Pe 𐤐 bocca (o angolo) p [p] פ ܦ ف Pe (lettera) Ππ Pp Пп
Sadek 𐤑 sʿādē pianta di papiro/amo da pesca? ṣ́ [tsˤ] צ ܨ ص, ض Tsade , ጰ, ፀ (Ϻϻ) Цц, Чч, Џџ
Qoph 𐤒 qōp cruna dell'ago q [kˤ] ק ܩ Qoph (Ϙϙ), poss. Φφ, Ψψ Qq (Ҁҁ)
Res 𐤓 rēš testa r [r] ר ܪ Resh Rr
Sin 𐤔 sīn dente (o sole) s [ʃ] ש ܫ ش, س Šin Σσς Ss Сс, Шш, Щщ
Taw 𐤕 tāw marchio t [t] ת ܬ ت, ث Taw (lettera) , ፐ (?) Tt

Note

  1. ^ Steven Roger Fischer, A history of writing, Reaktion Books, 2004, p. 90.
  2. ^ Steven R. Fischer, A History of Writing, London, Reaction Books, 2001, p. 126.

Bibliografia

  • Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Je m'appelle Byblos, H & D, Paris, 2005. ISBN 2-914266-04-9
  • Maria Eugenia Aubet, The Phoenicians and the West Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, London, 2001.
  • Daniels, Peter T., et al. eds. The World's Writing Systems Oxford. (1996).
  • Jensen, Hans, Sign, Symbol, and Script, G.P. Putman's Sons, New York, 1969.
  • Coulmas, Florian, Writing Systems of the World, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford, 1989.
  • Hock, Hans H. and Joseph, Brian D., Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship, Mouton de Gruyter, New York, 1996.
  • Fischer, Steven R., A History of Writing, Reaktion Books, 2003.
  • Markoe, Glenn E., Phoenicians. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22613-5 (2000) (hardback)

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