Abundeco de elementoj en la terkrusto

Ĉi tiu artikolo temas pri abundeco de elementoj (laŭ atomnumero) en la terkrusto. Por abundeco de izotopoj ene de elementoj rigardu la paĝon Natura abundeco.
Abundeco de kemiaj elementoj en la supera kontinenta krusto de la Tero kiel funkcio de la atomnumero.

Estas konataj ĉirkaŭ 90 naturaj kemiaj elementoj. Ilia abundeco (aŭ atomfrakcio) en la terkrusto multe diferencas. Ankaŭ la abundeco en la terkrusto diferencas de ilia abundeco en la tuta Tero kaj denove de ilia abundeco en universo.

La plej raraj elementoj sur la terkrusto (flave markitaj) ne estas la plej pezaj, sed la siderofilaj (transiraj elementoj kun alta denseco) elementoj en la tabelo pri klasifikado de Goldschmidt pri la elementoj. Ĉi tiuj elĉerpiĝis pro tio ke ili estis relokigitaj en la profundaĵoj de la ternukleo. Ilia abundo en meteoroidoj estas pli granda. Krom tio, Te kaj Se elĉerpiĝis el la terkrusto pro la formado de volatilaj hidridoj.

La malsupra tabelo montras la abundecon de la kemiaj elementoj sur la terkrusto. La kvantoj montras la procentaĵojn aŭ partojn en milionoj (angle: ppm) laŭ la maso, ekzemple: 10 mil ppm egalvaloras al 1%.

Rimarku ke la kvantoj estas hipotezaj, kaj ili varias laŭ la fontoj aŭ metodo pri taksado. La grandordo de la datumoj ekzistantaj utilas nur por doni ideon pri la informo.

Klasifiko Z Elemento Simbolo Listosfera abundeco[1] Relativa proporcio (ppm)[2] Abundeco
sur la terkrusto (ppm)[3]
Abundeco
sur la terkrusto (ppm)[4]
Abundeco
sur la terkrusto (ppm)[5]
Produktado (2012, tunoj)[6]
1 8
Oksigeno
O
460,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000
2 14
Silicio
Si
277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,600,000
3 13
Aluminio
Al
81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 44,900,000
4 26
Fero
Fe
50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,100,000,000
5 20
Kalcio
Ca
36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500
6 11
Natrio
Na
28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 280,000,000
7 19
Kalio
K
25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900 34,000
8 12
Magnezio
Mg
20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 750,000
9 22
Titano
Ti
4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,500,000
10 1
Hidrogeno
H
1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400
11 15
Fosforo
P
1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050
12 25
Mangano
Mn
1,000 950,000 1,100 900,000 950,000 16,000,000
13 9
Fluoro
F
800,000 950,000 540,000 290,000 585,000
14 56
Bario
Ba
500,000 340,000 500,000 425,000
15 6
Karbono
C
300,000 480,000 1,800 940,000 200,000
16 38
Stroncio
Sr
370,000 360,000 370,000 380,000
17 16
Sulfuro
S
500,000 260,000 420,000 520,000 350,000 70,000,000
18 40
Zirkonio
Zr
190,000 130,000 250,000 165,000 1,420,000
19 74
Volframo
W
160.6 1.1 1.25 73,000
20 23
Vanado
V
100,000 160,000 190,000 120,000 63,000
21 17
Kloro
Cl
500,000 130,000 170,000 450,000 145,000 280,000,000
22 24
Kromo
Cr
100,000 100,000 140,000 350,000 102,000 7,890,000
23 37
Rubidio
Rb
300,000 90,000 60,000 90,000
24 28
Nikelo
Ni
80,000 90,000 190,000 84,000 2,100,000
25 30
Zinko
Zn
75,000 79,000 70,000 13,000,000
26 29
Kupro
Cu
100,000 50,000 68,000 60,000 17,000,000
27 58
Cerio
Ce
68,000 60,000 66.5
28 60
Neodimo
Nd
38,000 33,000 41.5
29 57
Lantano
La
32,000 34,000 39,000
30 39
Itrio
Y
30,000 29,000 33,000 8,900
31 7
Nitrogeno
N
50,000 25,000 20,000 19,000 137,000,000
32 27
Kobalto
Co
20,000 30,000 25,000 110,000
33 3
Litio
Li
20,000 17,000 20,000 37,000
34 41
Niobio
Nb
20,000 17,000 20,000 69,000
35 31
Galiumo
Ga
18,000 19,000 19,000
36 21
Skandio
Sc
16,000 26,000 22,000
37 82
Plumbo
Pb
14,000 10,000 14,000 5,200,000
38 62
Samario
Sm
7.9 6,000 7.05
39 90
Torio
Th
12,000 6,000 9.6
40 59
Prazeodimo
Pr
9.5 8.7 9.2
41 5
Boro
B
950,000 8.7 10,000 4,600,000
42 64
Gadolinio
Gd
7.7 5.2 6.2
43 66
Disprozio
D.
6,000 6.2 5.2
44 72
Hafnio
Hf
5.3 3.3 3.0
45 68
Erbio
Er
3.8 3.0 3.5
46 70
Iterbio
Yb
3.3 2.8 3.2
47 55
Cezio
Cs
3,000 1.9 3,000
48 4
Berilio
Be
2.6 1.9 2.8 230,000
49 50
Stano
Sn
2.2 2.2 2.3 230,000
50 63
Eŭropio
Eu
2.1 1.8 2.0
51 92
Uranio
U
0,000 1.8 2.7 66,512
52 73
Tantalo
Ta
2,000 1.7 2.0 765,000
53 32
Germaniumo
Ge
1.8 1.4 1.5 128,000
54 42
Molibdeno
Mo
1.5 1.1 1.2 250,000
55 33
Arseno
As
1.5 2.1 1.8 44,000
56 67
Holmio
Ho
1.4 1.2 1.3
57 65
Terbio
Tb
1.1 0.94 1.2
58 69
Tulio
Tm
0.48 0.45 0.52
59 35
Bromo
Br
0.37 3,000 2.4 580,000
60 81
Talio
Tl
0.6 0.530 0.850 10,000
61 71
Lutecio
Lu
0.5
62 51
Antimono
Sb
0.2 0.2 0.2 180,000
63 53
Jodo
I
0.14 0.490 0.450 28,000
64 48
Kadmio
Cd
0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000
65 47
Arĝento
Ag
0.070 0.080 0.075 24,000
66 80
Hidrargo
Hg
0.05 0.067 0.085 1,600
67 34
Seleno
Se
0.05 0.05 0.05 2,000
68 49
Indio
In
0.049 0.160 0.250 670,000
69 83
Bismuto
Bi
0.048 0.025 0.0085 7,400
70 52
Teluro
Te
0.005 0.001 0.001
71 78
Plateno
Pt
0.003 0.0037 0.005 179,000
72 79
Oro
Au
0.0011 0.0031 0.004 2,700
73 44
Rutenio
Ru
0.001 0.001 0.001
74 46
Paladio
Pd
0.0006 0.0063 0.015 200,000
75 75
Renio
Re
0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 52
76 77
Iridio
Ir
0.0003 0.0004 0.001
77 45
Rodio
Rh
0.0002 0.0007 0.001
78 76
Osmio
Os
0.0001 0.0018 0.0015

Referencoj

  1. The Worlds of David Darling
  2. Environmental Chemistry.com
  3. Abundance in Earth's Crust. Arkivita el la originalo je 2015-03-20. Alirita 2015-06-03 .
  4. List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust
  5. It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements
  6. Commodity Statistics and Information. USGS. Ĉiuj produktokvantoj rilatas al minejoj, escepte de Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (instalaĵoj, rafinejoj), S (ĉiaspecaj) kaj As, Br, Mg, Si (ne specigita). La datumoj por la elementoj B, K, Ti, Y prezentiĝas ne por la pura elemento sed por la plej ordinara oksido, datumoj por Na kaj Cl taŭgas por NaCl. Por multaj elementoj tiel kiel Si, Al, datumoj estas ambiguaj (pro la multeco de produktado) kaj estas konsideritaj por la pura elemento. La datumoj por la U traktas pri la pura elemento necesa por la konsumado de nuntempa nuklea reaktoro WNA Arkivigite je 2015-06-08 per la retarkivo Wayback Machine

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