Unicode alias names and abbreviations

In Unicode, characters can have a unique name. A character can also have one or more alias names. An alias name can be an abbreviation, a C0 or C1 control name, a correction, an alternate name or a figment. An alias too is unique over all names and aliases, and therefore identifying.

Background

The formal, primary Unicode name is unique over all names, only uses certain characters & format, and is guaranteed never to change. The formal name consists of characters A–Z (uppercase), 0–9, " " (space), and "-" (hyphen). Next to this name, a character can have one or more formal (normative) alias names. Such an alias name also follows the rules of a name: characters used (A-Z, -, 0-9, <space>) and not used (a-z, %, $, etc.). Alias names are also unique in the full name set (that is, all names and alias names are all unique in their combined set). Alias names are formally described in the Unicode Standard.[1][2] In this sense, an abbreviation is also considered a Unicode name.

Reason to add an alias

There are five possible reasons to assign an alias name to a code point.[1] A character can have multiple aliases: for example U+0008 <control-0008> has control alias BACKSPACE and abbreviation alias BS.

1. Abbreviation
Commonly occurring abbreviations (or acronyms) for control codes, format characters, spaces, and variation selectors.
There are 354 such aliases, including 256 aliases for variant selectors (VS-1 ... VS-256).
For example, U+00A0   NO-BREAK SPACE has alias NBSP.
Presentation: in the code charts, the abbreviation is shown in a dashed box:
NBSP
.
2. Control
ISO 6429 names for C0 and C1 control functions and similar commonly occurring names, are added as an alias to the character.
There are 84 such aliases.
For example, U+0008 <control-0008> has alias BACKSPACE.
Presentation: Control characters do not have a primary name, they are labeled like <control-0008>. Its alias name like BACKSPACE is used in the chart documentation, but never as a primary name. This prevents unintended (automated) replacement by the actual, disrupting control character. For example, using alias name BEL in line would be replaced by U+0007 <control-0007> , triggering the bell sound.
3. Correction
This is a correction for a "serious problem" in the primary character name, usually an error.
There are 35 such aliases.
For example, U+2118 ℘ SCRIPT CAPITAL P is actually a lowercase p, and so is given alias name ※ WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC FUNCTION: "actually this has the form of a lowercase calligraphic p, despite its name, and through the alias the correct spelling is added."
Presentation: A corrected name is preceded by symbol ※ (the reference mark).
4. Alternate
For widely used alternate name for a character.
There is 1 such alias.
Example: U+FEFF ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE has alternate BYTE ORDER MARK.
Presentation: listed in character charts description.
5. Figment
Several documented labels for C1 control code points which were never actually approved in any standard (figment = feigned, in fiction).
There are 3 such aliases.
For example, U+0099 <control-0099> has figment alias SINGLE GRAPHIC CHARACTER INTRODUCER. This name is an architectural concept from early drafts of ISO/IEC 10646-1, but it was never approved and standardized.
Presentation: These figment abbreviations are not published in Standard; the chart shows "XXX" for each informally, that is: not a unique or identifying abbreviation.

List of aliases

Code point HTML
decimal 		Name
or <label> 		Alias Reason Chart Note
Abbr Name
U+0000 &#0; <control-0000>
NUL
 NULL Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0001 &#1; <control-0001>
SOH
 START OF HEADING Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0002 &#2; <control-0002>
STX
 START OF TEXT Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0003 &#3; <control-0003>
ETX
 END OF TEXT Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0004 &#4; <control-0004>
EOT
 END OF TRANSMISSION Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0005 &#5; <control-0005>
ENQ
 ENQUIRY Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0006 &#6; <control-0006>
ACK
 ACKNOWLEDGE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0007 &#7; <control-0007>
BEL
 ALERT Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0008 &#8; <control-0008>
BS
 BACKSPACE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0009 &Tab;
&#9; 		<control-0009>
TAB
 CHARACTER TABULATION Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
HT
 HORIZONTAL TABULATION Control
U+000A &#10; <control-000A>
LF
 LINE FEED Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
NL
 NEW LINE Control
EOL
 END OF LINE Control
U+000B &#11; <control-000B> LINE TABULATION Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
VT
 VERTICAL TABULATION Control
U+000C &#12; <control-000C>
FF
 FORM FEED Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+000D &#13; <control-000D>
CR
 CARRIAGE RETURN Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+000E &#14; <control-000E>
SO
 SHIFT OUT Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
LOCKING-SHIFT ONE Control
U+000F &#15; <control-000F>
SI
 SHIFT IN Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
LOCKING-SHIFT ZERO Control
U+0010 &#16; <control-0010>
DLE
 DATA LINK ESCAPE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0011 &#17; <control-0011>
DC1
 DEVICE CONTROL ONE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0012 &#18; <control-0012>
DC2
 DEVICE CONTROL TWO Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0013 &#19; <control-0013>
DC3
 DEVICE CONTROL THREE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0014 &#20; <control-0014>
DC4
 DEVICE CONTROL FOUR Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0015 &#21; <control-0015>
NAK
 NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0016 &#22; <control-0016>
SYN
 SYNCHRONOUS IDLE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0017 &#23; <control-0017>
ETB
 END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0018 &#24; <control-0018>
CAN
 CANCEL Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0019 &#25; <control-0019>
EOM
 END OF MEDIUM Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
EM
 Abbreviation added in version 15.0
U+001A &#26; <control-001A>
SUB
 SUBSTITUTE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+001B &#27; <control-001B>
ESC
 ESCAPE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+001C &#28; <control-001C> INFORMATION SEPARATOR FOUR Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
FS
 FILE SEPARATOR Control
U+001D &#29; <control-001D> INFORMATION SEPARATOR THREE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
GS
 GROUP SEPARATOR Control
U+001E &#30; <control-001E> INFORMATION SEPARATOR TWO Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
RS
 RECORD SEPARATOR Control
U+001F &#31; <control-001F> INFORMATION SEPARATOR ONE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
US
 UNIT SEPARATOR Control
U+0020 &#32; SPACE
SP
 Abbreviation C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+007F &#127; <control-007F>
DEL
 DELETE Control C0 Controls and Basic Latin (pdf)
U+0080 &#128; <control-0080>
PAD
 PADDING CHARACTER Figment C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf) Aliases are not widely published by Unicode; chart shows non-unique XXX
U+0081 &#129; <control-0081>
HOP
 HIGH OCTET PRESET Figment C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf) Aliases are not widely published by Unicode; chart shows non-unique XXX
U+0082 &#130; <control-0082>
BPH
 BREAK PERMITTED HERE Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+0083 &#131; <control-0083>
NBH
 NO BREAK HERE Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+0084 &#132; <control-0084>
IND
 INDEX Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+0085 &#133; <control-0085>
NEL
 NEXT LINE Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+0086 &#134; <control-0086>
SSA
 START OF SELECTED AREA Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+0087 &#135; <control-0087>
ESA
 END OF SELECTED AREA Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+0088 &#136; <control-0088> CHARACTER TABULATION SET Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
HTS
 HORIZONTAL TABULATION SET Control
U+0089 &#137; <control-0089> CHARACTER TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATION Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
HTJ
 HORIZONTAL TABULATION WITH JUSTIFICATION Control
U+008A &#138; <control-008A> LINE TABULATION SET Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
VTS
 VERTICAL TABULATION SET Control
U+008B &#139; <control-008B> PARTIAL LINE FORWARD Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
PLD
 PARTIAL LINE DOWN Control
U+008C &#140; <control-008C> PARTIAL LINE BACKWARD Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
PLU
 PARTIAL LINE UP Control
U+008D &#141; <control-008D> REVERSE LINE FEED Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
RI
 REVERSE INDEX Control
U+008E &#142; <control-008E> SINGLE SHIFT TWO Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
SS2
 SINGLE-SHIFT-2 Control
U+008F &#143; <control-008F> SINGLE SHIFT THREE Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
SS3
 SINGLE-SHIFT-3 Control
U+0090 &#144; <control-0090>
DCS
 DEVICE CONTROL STRING Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+0091 &#145; <control-0091> PRIVATE USE ONE Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
PU1
 PRIVATE USE-1 Control
U+0092 &#146; <control-0092> PRIVATE USE TWO Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
PU2
 PRIVATE USE-2 Control
U+0093 &#147; <control-0093>
STS
 SET TRANSMIT STATE Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+0094 &#148; <control-0094>
CCH
 CANCEL CHARACTER Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+0095 &#149; <control-0095>
MW
 MESSAGE WAITING Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+0096 &#150; <control-0096> START OF GUARDED AREA Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
SPA
 START OF PROTECTED AREA Control
U+0097 &#151; <control-0097> END OF GUARDED AREA Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
EPA
 END OF PROTECTED AREA Control
U+0098 &#152; <control-0098>
SOS
 START OF STRING Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+0099 &#153; <control-0099>
SGC
 SINGLE GRAPHIC CHARACTER INTRODUCER Figment C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf) Aliases are not widely published by Unicode; chart shows non-unique XXX
U+009A &#154; <control-009A>
SCI
 SINGLE CHARACTER INTRODUCER Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+009B &#155; <control-009B>
CSI
 CONTROL SEQUENCE INTRODUCER Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+009C &#156; <control-009C>
ST
 STRING TERMINATOR Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+009D &#157; <control-009D>
OSC
 OPERATING SYSTEM COMMAND Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+009E &#158; <control-009E>
PM
 PRIVACY MESSAGE Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+009F &#159; <control-009F>
APC
 APPLICATION PROGRAM COMMAND Control C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+00A0 &nbsp; &NonBreakingSpace;
&#160; 		NO-BREAK SPACE
NBSP
 Abbreviation C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+00AD &shy;
&#173; 		SOFT HYPHEN
SHY
 Abbreviation C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement (pdf)
U+01A2 &#418; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER OI LATIN CAPITAL LETTER GHA ※ Correction Latin Extended-B (pdf)
U+01A3 &#419; LATIN SMALL LETTER OI LATIN SMALL LETTER GHA ※ Correction Latin Extended-B (pdf)
U+034F &#847; COMBINING GRAPHEME JOINER
CGJ
 Abbreviation Combining Diacritical Marks (pdf) The name of this character is misleading; it does not actually join graphemes
U+0616 &#1558; ARABIC SMALL HIGH LIGATURE ALEF WITH LAM WITH YEH ARABIC SMALL HIGH LIGATURE ALEF WITH YEH BARREE ※ Correction Arabic  added in version 15.0
U+061C &#1564; ARABIC LETTER MARK
ALM
 Abbreviation Arabic (pdf) See RLM
U+0709 &#1801; SYRIAC SUBLINEAR COLON SKEWED RIGHT SYRIAC SUBLINEAR COLON SKEWED LEFT ※ Correction Syriac (pdf)
U+0CDE &#3294; KANNADA LETTER FA KANNADA LETTER LLLA ※ Correction Kannada (pdf)
U+0E9D &#3741; LAO LETTER FO TAM LAO LETTER FO FON ※ Correction Lao (pdf)
U+0E9F &#3743; LAO LETTER FO SUNG LAO LETTER FO FAY ※ Correction Lao (pdf)
U+0EA3 &#3747; LAO LETTER LO LING LAO LETTER RO ※ Correction Lao (pdf)
U+0EA5 &#3749; LAO LETTER LO LOOT LAO LETTER LO ※ Correction Lao (pdf)
U+0FD0 &#4048; TIBETAN MARK BSKA- SHOG GI MGO RGYAN TIBETAN MARK BKA- SHOG GI MGO RGYAN ※ Correction Tibetan (pdf)
U+11EC &#4588; HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG-KIYEOK HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-KIYEOK ※ Correction Hangul Jamo (pdf)
U+11ED &#4589; HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG-SSANGKIYEOK HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-SSANGKIYEOK ※ Correction Hangul Jamo (pdf)
U+11EE &#4590; HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGIEUNG HANGUL JONGSEONG SSANGYESIEUNG ※ Correction Hangul Jamo (pdf)
U+11EF &#4591; HANGUL JONGSEONG IEUNG-KHIEUKH HANGUL JONGSEONG YESIEUNG-KHIEUKH ※ Correction Hangul Jamo (pdf)
U+180B &#6155; MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR ONE
FVS1
 Abbreviation Mongolian (pdf)
U+180C &#6156; MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR TWO
FVS2
 Abbreviation Mongolian (pdf)
U+180D &#6157; MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR THREE
FVS3
 Abbreviation Mongolian (pdf)
U+180E &#6158; MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR
MVS
 Abbreviation Mongolian (pdf)
U+180F &#6159; MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR FOUR
FVS4
 Abbreviation Mongolian (pdf)
U+1BBD &#7101; SUNDANESE LETTER BHA SUNDANESE LETTER ARCHAIC I ※ Correction Sudanese (pdf) added in version 15.0
U+200B &NegativeMediumSpace; &NegativeThickSpace; &NegativeThinSpace; &NegativeVeryThinSpace; &ZeroWidthSpace;
&#8203; 		ZERO WIDTH SPACE
ZWSP
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+200C &zwnj;
&#8204; 		ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER
ZWNJ
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+200D &zwj;
&#8205; 		ZERO WIDTH JOINER
ZWJ
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+200E &lrm;
&#8206; 		LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK
LRM
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+200F &rlm;
&#8207; 		RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK
RLM
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+202A &#8234; LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING
LRE
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+202B &#8235; RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING
RLE
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+202C &#8236; POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING
PDF
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+202D &#8237; LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE
LRO
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+202E &#8238; RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE
RLO
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+202F &#8239; NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE
NNBSP
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+205F &MediumSpace;
&#8287; 		MEDIUM MATHEMATICAL SPACE
MMSP
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+2060 &NoBreak;
&#8288; 		WORD JOINER
WJ
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+2066 &#8294; LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE
LRI
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+2067 &#8295; RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE
RLI
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+2068 &#8296; FIRST STRONG ISOLATE
FSI
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+2069 &#8297; POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE
PDI
 Abbreviation General Punctuation (pdf)
U+2118 &weierp; &wp;
&#8472; 		SCRIPT CAPITAL P WEIERSTRASS ELLIPTIC FUNCTION ※ Correction Letterlike Symbols (pdf)
U+2448 &#9288; OCR DASH MICR ON US SYMBOL ※ Correction Optical Character Recognition (pdf)
U+2449 &#9289; OCR CUSTOMER ACCOUNT NUMBER MICR DASH SYMBOL ※ Correction Optical Character Recognition (pdf)
U+2B7A &#11130; LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL STROKE LEFTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE ※ Correction Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows (pdf)
U+2B7C &#11132; RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE HORIZONTAL STROKE RIGHTWARDS TRIANGLE-HEADED ARROW WITH DOUBLE VERTICAL STROKE ※ Correction Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows (pdf)
U+A015 &#40981; YI SYLLABLE WU YI SYLLABLE ITERATION MARK ※ Correction Yi Syllables (pdf)
U+AA6E &#43630; MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI HHA MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI LLA ※ Correction Myanmar Extended-A (pdf)
U+FE00
...
U+FE0F 		&#65024;
...
&#65039; 		VARIATION SELECTOR-1
...
VARIATION SELECTOR-16
VS1
...
VS16
 Abbreviation Variation Selectors (pdf)
(16 code points)
Abbreviation
U+FE18 &#65048; PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRAKCET PRESENTATION FORM FOR VERTICAL RIGHT WHITE LENTICULAR BRACKET ※ Correction Vertical Forms (pdf)
U+FEFF &#65279; ZERO WIDTH NO-BREAK SPACE
BOM
 BYTE ORDER MARK Alternate Arabic Presentation Forms-B (pdf)
ZWNBSP
 Abbreviation
U+122D4 &#74452; CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIR TENU CUNEIFORM SIGN NU11 TENU ※ Correction Cuneiform (pdf)
U+122D5 &#74453; CUNEIFORM SIGN SHIR OVER SHIR BUR OVER BUR CUNEIFORM SIGN NU11 OVER NU11 BUR OVER BUR ※ Correction Cuneiform (pdf)
U+12327 &#74535; CUNEIFORM SIGN UN GUNU CUNEIFORM SIGN KALAM ※ Correction Cuneiform (pdf)
U+1680B &#92171; BAMUM LETTER PHASE-A MAEMBGBIEE BAMUM LETTER PHASE-A MAEMGBIEE ※ Correction Bamum Supplement (pdf)
U+16E56 &#93782; MEDEFAIDRIN CAPITAL LETTER HP MEDEFAIDRIN CAPITAL LETTER H ※ Correction Medefaidrin (pdf)
U+16E57 &#93783; MEDEFAIDRIN CAPITAL LETTER NY MEDEFAIDRIN CAPITAL LETTER NG ※ Correction Medefaidrin (pdf)
U+16E76 &#93814; MEDEFAIDRIN SMALL LETTER HP MEDEFAIDRIN SMALL LETTER H ※ Correction Medefaidrin (pdf)
U+16E77 &#93815; MEDEFAIDRIN SMALL LETTER NY MEDEFAIDRIN SMALL LETTER NG ※ Correction Medefaidrin (pdf)
U+1B001 &#110593; HIRAGANA LETTER ARCHAIC YE HENTAIGANA LETTER E-1 ※ Correction Kana Supplement (pdf)
U+1D0C5 &#118981; BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FHTORA SKLIRON CHROMA VASIS BYZANTINE MUSICAL SYMBOL FTHORA SKLIRON CHROMA VASIS ※ Correction Byzantine Musical Symbols (pdf)
U+1E899 &#125081; MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M172 MBOO MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M172 MBO ※ Correction Mende Kikakui (pdf)
U+1E89A &#125082; MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M174 MBO MENDE KIKAKUI SYLLABLE M174 MBOO ※ Correction Mende Kikakui (pdf)
U+E0100
...
U+E01EF 		&#917760;
...
&#917999; 		VARIATION SELECTOR-17
...
VARIATION SELECTOR-256
VS17
...
VS256
 Abbreviation Variation Selectors Supplement (pdf)
(240 code points)
Abbreviation

Informal alternative names

The Unicode standard also uses and publishes alternative names that are not formal, and are not listed as normative alias names. These labels may not be unique and may use irregular characters in their name. They are used in Unicode code charts, for example U+070F   SYRIAC ABBREVIATION MARK: SAM.[3]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "NameAliases.txt". The Unicode Consortium. 2024-04-24. Retrieved 2024-09-11.
  2. ^ "The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Consortium.
  3. ^ "Unicode 14.0 Character Code Charts: Syriac" (PDF).

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Maredelanto Compania Naviera SA v Bergbau-Handel GmbH

English legal case The Mihalis AngelosCourtCourt of AppealCitation(s)[1970] EWCA Civ 4, [1971] 1 QB 164Case opinionsLord Denning MR, Edmund Davies LJ and Megaw LJ Maredelanto Compania Naviera SA v Bergbau-Handel GmbH or The Mihalis Angelos [1970] EWCA Civ 4 is an English contract law case, concerning breach of contract. Facts The Mihalis Angelos was fixed to sail to Haiphong and there load a cargo for delivery in Europe. In the charterparty dated 25 May 1965 the shipowners (the owners) stated...

 

Francesco Guicciardini

Italian writer, historian, and politician (1483–1540) This article is about the historian and statesman. For the 19th-century Italian cabinet member, see Francesco Guicciardini (politician). Francesco GuicciardiniBorn6 March 1483Florence, Republic of FlorenceDied22 May 1540(1540-05-22) (aged 57)Arcetri, Duchy of FlorenceNationalityItalianOccupation(s)Historian, statesman Francesco Guicciardini (Italian: [franˈtʃesko ɡwittʃarˈdiːni]; 6 March 1483 – 22 May 1540) was an It...

 

Radical Republicans

Faction of the 19th-century U.S. Republican Party For other uses, see Radical Republicans (disambiguation). Radical Republicans Leader(s)• John C. Frémont• Benjamin Wade• Henry Winter Davis• Charles Sumner• Thaddeus Stevens• Hannibal Hamlin• Ulysses S. GrantFounded1854Dissolved1877Merged intoRepublican PartySucceeded byStalwart faction of the Republican PartyIdeologyRadicalismAbolitionism[1]Pro-Reconstruction[2]Unconditional UnionismDevelopmentalism ...

Johnson Publishing Company

American publishing company based in Chicago, Illinois (1942–2019) Johnson Publishing CompanyCompany typePrivately held companyIndustryMass mediaFoundedNovember 1942; 81 years ago (1942-11)Founder John H. Johnson Eunice W. Johnson DefunctApril 2019; 5 years ago (2019-04)Headquarters200 S. Michigan AvenueChicago, Illinois, U.S.[1]Key people(chief executive officer)Products Books Magazines Television Cosmetics RevenueUS$90 million (c....

 

Swastika

Transcultural religious symbol For other uses, see Swastika (disambiguation). The swastika is a symbol with many styles and meanings and can be found in many cultures. The appropriation of the swastika by the Nazi Party is the most recognisable modern use of the symbol in the Western world. The swastika (卐 or 卍) is an ancient religious and cultural symbol, predominantly found in various Eurasian cultures, as well as some African and American ones. In the western world it is more widely re...

 

Phones 4u

Mobile phone company This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Phones 4u – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Phones 4u Ltd.Phones 4u last logoA closed branch on Oxford Street in London following the group's collapse.Company typeSubsi...

Phil Lynott

Irish musician (1949–1986) For the 2008 single by Jape, see Phil Lynott (song). Phil LynottLynott performing in 1980Background informationBirth namePhilip Parris LynottAlso known asThe Ace with the Bass[1]Born(1949-08-20)20 August 1949[2]West Bromwich, Staffordshire, EnglandOriginDublin, IrelandDied4 January 1986(1986-01-04) (aged 36)Salisbury, Wiltshire, EnglandGenresRockhard rockblues rockheavy metalCeltic rockOccupation(s)MusiciansingersongwriterproducerpoetInstrumen...

 

Mauritius at the 2008 Summer Olympics

Sporting event delegationMauritius at the2008 Summer OlympicsIOC codeMRINOCMauritius Olympic Committeein BeijingCompetitors12 in 7 sportsFlag bearer Stephan BucklandMedalsRanked 80th Gold 0 Silver 0 Bronze 1 Total 1 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)19841988199219962000200420082012201620202024 Mauritius competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24, 2008. Bruno Julie won Mauritius's first ever medal (bronze) in boxing. Med...

 

Chesapeake Energy

American energy company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do no...

The World Is Not Enough (Game Boy Color video game)

2001 action-adventure game 2001 video gameThe World Is Not EnoughNorth American box artDeveloper(s)2n ProductionsPublisher(s)Electronic Arts[a]SeriesJames BondPlatform(s)Game Boy ColorReleaseNA: September 17, 2001UK: September 28, 2001Genre(s)Action-adventureMode(s)Single-player The World Is Not Enough is a 2001 action-adventure video game developed by 2n Productions and published by Electronic Arts for the Game Boy Color. The game was the final release of the video games based on the...

 

Équipe d'Andorre de football

Cet article traite de l'équipe masculine. Pour l'équipe féminine, voir Équipe d'Andorre féminine de football. Équipe d'Andorre Généralités Association FAF Confédération UEFA Couleurs jaune et bleu Surnom Tricolors (Les Tricolores) Stade principal Estadi Nacional Classement FIFA 164e (4 avril 2024)[1] Personnalités Sélectionneur Koldo Álvarez Capitaine Márcio Vieira Plus sélectionné Ildefons Lima (137) Meilleur buteur Ildefons Lima (11) Rencontres officielles historiques Prem...