Promazine

Not to be confused with Bromazine.
Promazine
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer Information
MedlinePlusa600010
Drug classTypical antipsychotic
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding94%
Elimination half-life20-40 hr
Identifiers
  • N,N-dimethyl-3-(10H-phenothiazin-10-yl)-propan-1-amine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.347 Edit this at Wikidata
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC17H20N2S
Molar mass284.42 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CN(C)CCCN1c2ccccc2Sc3c1cccc3
  • InChI=1S/C17H20N2S/c1-18(2)12-7-13-19-14-8-3-5-10-16(14)20-17-11-6-4-9-15(17)19/h3-6,8-11H,7,12-13H2,1-2H3 checkY
  • Key:ZGUGWUXLJSTTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  (verify)

Promazine (brand name Sparine among others),[2] is used as a short-term add-on treatment for psychomotor agitation.[3][4] Its approved uses in people is limited, but is used as a tranquilizer in veterinary medicine.[3] It has weak antipsychotic effects but is generally not used to treat psychoses.[3]

It acts similar to chlorpromazine and causes sedation.[3] It has predominantly anticholinergic side effects, though extrapyramidal side effects are not uncommon. It belongs to the typical antipsychotic and phenothiazine class of drugs.[5]

Promazine was approved for medical use in the United States in the 1950s, although it is no longer commercially available there.[2][6]

Uses

Promazine is a short-term add-on treatment for psychomotor agitation.[4]

Adverse effects

Common side effects include agitation, amenorrhea, arrhythmias, constipation, drowsiness and dizziness, dry mouth, impotence, tiredness, galactorrhoea, gynecomastia, hyperglycemia, insomnia, hypotension, prolonged QT, seizures, tremor, vomiting and weight gain, among others.[4]

Overdose

In overdose, it may cause hypotension, hypothermia, tachycardia, and arrhythmia.[4]

Sudden death may occur, although rare.[4]

Other animals

Promazine, given as promazine hydrochloride, is one of the primary tranquilizers used by veterinarians as a pre-anaesthesia injection in horses.[7][8] It does not provide analgesia and is not a very strong sedative, hence it is used combined with opioids or α2 adrenoreceptor agonists, such as clonidine, or both.[8][9] It can be used alone when performing a non-painful procedure such as the fitting a horseshoe.[9] Low blood pressure, fast heart rate and paralysis of the penis are side effects.[7] It is also an antiemetic, antispasmodic and hypothermic agent.[8] Additionally it is used to lower blood pressure in animals with laminitis and kidney failure.[8] It is available in the US for veterinary use under the names Promazine and Tranquazine.[citation needed]

Synthesis

Synthesis:[10][11][12] Patents:[13][14] ~75%:[15]

References

  1. ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  2. ^ a b "Promazine (Primazine, Prozine)". Davis's Drug Guide. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d Davis C (2007). "Promazine". In Enna SJ, Bylund DB (eds.). X Pharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference. Elsevier. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1016/B978-008055232-3.62472-9. ISBN 978-0-08-055232-3.
  4. ^ a b c d e "BNF". NICE. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  5. ^ Pagliaro LA, Pagliaro AM (1999). "PPDR: Promazine". Psychologist's Neuropsychotropic Desk Reference. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel. p. 535. ISBN 978-1-138-00968-4.
  6. ^ "Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs". New Drug Application (NDA): 010942 Sparine. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
  7. ^ a b Hendrickson DA (2007). "2. Anaesthesia and fluid therapy". Techniques in Large Animal Surgery (3rd ed.). Blackwell Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-7817-8255-5.
  8. ^ a b c d "Promazine". Equimed - Horse Health Matters. 20 January 2014. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  9. ^ a b Ringer SK, Mama KR (2019). "23. Chemical restraint for standing procedures". In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds.). Equine Surgery (5th ed.). St Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. pp. 351–352. ISBN 978-0-323-48420-6.
  10. ^ Wirth W (August 1958). "[The pharmacological action of promazine]". Arzneimittel-Forschung. 8 (8): 507–511. PMID 13584240.
  11. ^ Szabo WA, Chung RH, Tam CC, Tishler M (February 1980). "Synthetic applications and mechanism of the pyrolysis of phenothiazine carbamates". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 45 (4): 744–746. doi:10.1021/jo01292a048.
  12. ^ Schmolka SJ, Zimmer H (1984). "N -Dimethylaminopropylation in a Solid-Liquid Two Phase System: Synthesis of Chlorpromazine, its Analogs, and Related Compounds". Synthesis. 1984 (1): 29–31. doi:10.1055/s-1984-30719. S2CID 95682513.
  13. ^ US 2519886, Charpentier P, issued 1950, assigned to Rhône-Poulenc. 
  14. ^ US 3100772, Kantor ML, Samuel T, issued 1963, assigned to Wyeth LLC. 
  15. ^ Dahl T, Tornøe CW, Bang-Andersen B, Nielsen P, Jørgensen M (15 February 2008). "Palladium-Catalyzed Three-Component Approach to Promazine with Formation of One Carbon–Sulfur and Two Carbon–Nitrogen Bonds". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 47 (9): 1726–1728. doi:10.1002/anie.200705209. PMID 18213669.