Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)
Chemical data page
Heat of vaporization
kJ/mol
1 H hydrogen (H2 )
use
(H2 ) 0.904
CRC
(H2 ) 0.90
LNG
0.904
2 He helium
use
0.0829
CRC
0.08
LNG
0.0829
WEL
0.083
3 Li lithium
use
136
LNG
147.1
WEL
147
Zhang et al.
136
4 Be beryllium
use
292
LNG
297
WEL
297
Zhang et al.
292
5 B boron
use
508
CRC
480
LNG
480
WEL
507
Zhang et al.
508
6 C carbon
use
WEL
(sublimation) 715
7 N nitrogen (N2 )
use
(N2 ) 5.57
CRC
(N2 ) 5.57
LNG
(N2 ) 5.577
WEL
(per mole N atoms) 2.79
Zhang et al.
5.58
8 O oxygen (O2 )
use
(O2 ) 6.82
CRC
(O2 ) 6.82
LNG
(O2 ) 6.820
WEL
(per mole O atoms) 3.41
Zhang et al.
6.82
9 F fluorine (F2 )
use
(F2 ) 6.62
CRC
(F2 ) 6.62
LNG
(F2 ) 6.62
WEL
(per mole F atoms) 3.27
Zhang et al.
6.32
10 Ne neon
use
1.71
CRC
1.71
LNG
1.71
WEL
1.75
Zhang et al.
1.9
11 Na sodium
use
97.42
LNG
97.42
WEL
97.7
Zhang et al.
97.4
12 Mg magnesium
use
128
LNG
128
WEL
128
Zhang et al.
132
13 Al aluminium
use
284
CRC
294
LNG
294.0
WEL
293
Zhang et al.
284
14 Si silicon
use
359
LNG
359
WEL
359
Zhang et al.
383
15 P phosphorus
use
12.4
CRC
12.4
LNG
12.4
WEL
12.4
Zhang et al.
51.9 (white)
16 S sulfur
use
(mono) 45
CRC
45
LNG
(mono) 45
WEL
9.8
Zhang et al.
45
17 Cl chlorine (Cl2 )
use
(Cl2 ) 20.41
CRC
(Cl2 ) 20.41
LNG
(Cl2 ) 20.41
WEL
(per mole Cl atoms) 10.2
Zhang et al.
20.4
18 Ar argon
use
6.53
CRC
6.43
LNG
6.43
WEL
6.5
Zhang et al.
6.53
19 K potassium
use
76.90
LNG
76.90
WEL
76.9
Zhang et al.
79.1
20 Ca calcium
use
154.7
LNG
154.7
WEL
155
Zhang et al.
153
21 Sc scandium
use
332.7
LNG
332.7
WEL
318
Zhang et al.
310
22 Ti titanium
use
425
LNG
425
WEL
425
Zhang et al.
427
23 V vanadium
use
444
LNG
459
WEL
453
Zhang et al.
451
24 Cr chromium
use
339.5
LNG
339.5
WEL
339
Zhang et al.
347
25 Mn manganese
use
221
LNG
221
WEL
220
Zhang et al.
225
26 Fe iron
use
340
LNG
340
WEL
347
Zhang et al.
354
27 Co cobalt
use
377
LNG
377
WEL
375
Zhang et al.
390
28 Ni nickel
use
379
LNG
377.5
WEL
378
Zhang et al.
379
29 Cu copper
use
300.4
LNG
300.4
WEL
300
Zhang et al.
305
30 Zn zinc
use
115
LNG
123.6
WEL
119
Zhang et al.
115
31 Ga gallium
use
256
CRC
254
LNG
254
WEL
256
Zhang et al.
256
32 Ge germanium
use
334
CRC
334
LNG
334
WEL
334
Zhang et al.
330
33 As arsenic
use
32.4
WEL
32.4 (sublimation)
Zhang et al.
32.4
34 Se selenium
use
95.48
CRC
95.48
LNG
95.48
WEL
26
Zhang et al.
95.5
35 Br bromine (Br2 )
use
(Br2 ) 29.96
CRC
(Br2 ) 29.96
LNG
(Br2 ) 29.96
WEL
(per mole Br atoms) 14.8
Zhang et al.
30
36 Kr krypton
use
9.08
CRC
9.08
LNG
9.08
WEL
9.02
Zhang et al.
9.03
37 Rb rubidium
use
75.77
LNG
75.77
WEL
72
Zhang et al.
69
38 Sr strontium
use
141
LNG
136.9
WEL
137
Zhang et al.
141
39 Y yttrium
use
390
LNG
365
WEL
380
Zhang et al.
363
40 Zr zirconium
use
573
LNG
573
WEL
580
Zhang et al.
591
41 Nb niobium
use
689.9
LNG
689.9
WEL
690
Zhang et al.
682
42 Mo molybdenum
use
617
LNG
617
WEL
600
Zhang et al.
617
43 Tc technetium
use
585.2
LNG
585.2
WEL
550
44 Ru ruthenium
use
619
LNG
591.6
WEL
580
Zhang et al.
619
45 Rh rhodium
use
494
LNG
494
WEL
495
Zhang et al.
493
46 Pd palladium
use
358
LNG
362
WEL
380
Zhang et al.
358
47 Ag silver
use
254
LNG
258
WEL
255
Zhang et al.
254
48 Cd cadmium
use
99.87
CRC
99.87
LNG
99.9
WEL
100
Zhang et al.
100
49 In indium
use
231.8
LNG
231.8
WEL
230
Zhang et al.
225
50 Sn tin
use
(white) 296.1
LNG
(white) 296.1
WEL
290
Zhang et al.
296
51 Sb antimony
use
193.43
LNG
193.43
WEL
68
Zhang et al.
193
52 Te tellurium
use
114.1
CRC
114.1
LNG
114.1
WEL
48
Zhang et al.
114
53 I iodine (I2 )
use
(I2 ) 41.57
CRC
(I2 ) 41.57
LNG
(I2 ) 41.6
WEL
(per mole I atoms) 20.9
Zhang et al.
41.6
54 Xe xenon
use
12.64
CRC
12.57
LNG
12.64
WEL
12.64
Zhang et al.
12.6
55 Cs caesium
use
63.9
LNG
63.9
WEL
65
Zhang et al.
66.1
56 Ba barium
use
140.3
CRC
140
LNG
140.3
WEL
140
Zhang et al.
142
57 La lanthanum
use
400
LNG
402.1
WEL
400
Zhang et al.
400
58 Ce cerium
use
398
LNG
398
WEL
350
Zhang et al.
398
59 Pr praseodymium
use
331
LNG
331
WEL
330
Zhang et al.
331
60 Nd neodymium
use
289
LNG
289
WEL
285
Zhang et al.
289
61 Pm promethium
use
289
LNG
289
WEL
290
62 Sm samarium
use
192
LNG
165
WEL
175
Zhang et al.
192
63 Eu europium
use
176
LNG
176
WEL
175
Zhang et al.
176
64 Gd gadolinium
use
301.3
LNG
301.3
WEL
305
Zhang et al.
301
65 Tb terbium
use
391
LNG
293
WEL
295
Zhang et al.
391
66 Dy dysprosium
use
280
LNG
280
WEL
280
Zhang et al.
280
67 Ho holmium
use
251
LNG
71
WEL
265
Zhang et al.
251
68 Er erbium
use
280
LNG
280
WEL
285
Zhang et al.
280
69 Tm thulium
use
191
LNG
247
WEL
250
Zhang et al.
191
70 Yb ytterbium
use
129
LNG
159
WEL
160
Zhang et al.
129
71 Lu lutetium
use
414
LNG
414
WEL
415
Zhang et al.
414
72 Hf hafnium
use
648
LNG
571
WEL
630
Zhang et al.
648
73 Ta tantalum
use
732.8
LNG
732.8
WEL
735
Zhang et al.
753
74 W tungsten
use
806.7
LNG
806.7
WEL
800
Zhang et al.
774
75 Re rhenium
use
704
LNG
704
WEL
705
Zhang et al.
707
76 Os osmium
use
678
LNG
738
WEL
630
Zhang et al.
678
77 Ir iridium
use
564
LNG
231.8
WEL
560
Zhang et al.
564
78 Pt platinum
use
510
LNG
469
WEL
490
Zhang et al.
510
79 Au gold
use
342
CRC
324
LNG
324
WEL
330
Zhang et al.
342
80 Hg mercury
use
59.11
CRC
59.11
LNG
59.1
WEL
59.2
Zhang et al.
58.2
81 Tl thallium
use
165
LNG
165
WEL
165
Zhang et al.
162
82 Pb lead
use
179.5
CRC
179.5
LNG
179.5
WEL
178
Zhang et al.
177
83 Bi bismuth
use
179
CRC
151
LNG
151
WEL
160
Zhang et al.
179
84 Po polonium
use
102.91
LNG
102.91
WEL
about 100
85 At astatine
use
54.39 (At2 )
GME
54.39 (At2 )
WEL
about 40
86 Rn radon
use
18.10
LNG
18.10
WEL
17
87 Fr francium
use
ca. 65
WEL
about 65
88 Ra radium
use
113
LNG
113
WEL
about 125
89 Ac actinium
use
400
WEL
400
90 Th thorium
use
514
LNG
514
WEL
530
91 Pa protactinium
use
481
LNG
481
WEL
470
92 U uranium
use
417.1
LNG
417.1
WEL
420
93 Np neptunium
use
336
LNG
336
WEL
335
94 Pu plutonium
use
333.5
LNG
333.5
WEL
325
Notes
Values refer to the enthalpy change in the conversion of liquid to gas at the boiling point (normal, 101.325 kPa).
References
Zhang et al.
Zhang Y; Evans JRG & Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks" . J. Chem. Eng. Data . 56 (2): 328–337. doi :10.1021/je1011086 .
CRC
As quoted from various sources in an online version of:
David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition . CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Enthalpy of Vaporization
GME
Kugler HK & Keller C (eds) 1985, Gmelin handbook of inorganic and organometallic chemistry, 8th ed., 'At, Astatine', system no. 8a, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-93516-9 , pp. 116–117
LNG
As quoted from various sources in:
J.A. Dean (ed.), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 6, Thermodynamic Properties; Table 6.4, Heats of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
WEL
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
G.W.C. Kaye and T. H. Laby in Tables of physical and chemical constants , Longman, London, UK, 15th edition, 1993.
D.R. Lide, (ed.) in Chemical Rubber Company handbook of chemistry and physics , CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 79th edition, 1998.
A.M. James and M.P. Lord in Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data , Macmillan, London, UK, 1992.
H. Ellis (ed.) in Nuffield Advanced Science Book of Data , Longman, London, UK, 1972.
See also
Elements Data
Abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's crust, sea water, Sun and Solar System
Atomic radius empirical, calculated, van der Waals radius, covalent radius
Boiling point
Critical point
Density solid, liquid, gas
Elastic properties of the elements : Young's modulus , Poisson's ratio , bulk modulus , shear modulus
Electrical resistivity
Electron affinity
Electron configuration
Electronegativity (Pauling, Allen scale)
Hardness: Mohs hardness , Vickers hardness , Brinell hardness
Heat capacity
Heat of fusion
Heat of vaporization
Ionization energy (in eV) and molar ionization energies (in kJ/mol)
Melting point
Molar ionization energy
Oxidation state
Speed of sound
Standard atomic weight
Thermal conductivity
Thermal expansion
Vapor pressure