Calendar year
May 23 : Battle of Heiligerlee Year 1568 (MDLXVIII leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar .
Events
May: Mary, Queen of Scots , flees to England.
January 6 – In the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom , the delegates of Unio Trium Nationum to the Diet of Torda convene in a session that ends on January 13, during which freedom of religion is debated.January 28 – The Edict of Torda , Europe's first declaration of religious freedom , is adopted by the Kingdom of Hungary.February 7 – Members of a Spanish expedition, commanded by Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira , become the first Europeans to see the Solomon Islands , landing at Santa Isabel Island .[ 1] [ 2] February 16 – Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba , governor of the Spanish Netherlands issues an edict condemning to death those who rebel against Spanish authority to combat religious unrest .February 17 – Treaty of Adrianople (sometimes called the Peace of Adrianople): The Habsburgs agree to pay tribute to the Ottomans .[ 3] [ 4] February 23 – Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire captures the massive Chittor Fort in northern India after a siege that began on October 23, 1567.[ 5] [ 6] February 28 – French Huguenots begin the Siege of Chartres , but fail to take the walled city after 15 days.[ 7] [ 8] March 23 – The Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France.[ 9] Catherine de' Medici and Charles IX make substantial concessions to the Huguenots.
April 23 – Eighty Years' War : The Battle of Dahlen takes place in the Duchy of Jülich near the modern-day Rheindahlen borough in the German city of Mönchengladbach , North Rhine-Westphalia . Spanish troops, commanded by Sancho d'Avila , overwhelm a larger force of Dutch rebels led by Jean de Montigny, Lord of Villers.[ 10] May 2 – The deposed Mary, Queen of Scots , escapes from Lochleven Castle .May 13 – Marian civil war in Scotland: Battle of Langside – The forces of Mary, Queen of Scots , are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray , regent of Scotland and her half-brother.[ 11] May 16 – Mary, Queen of Scots , flees across the Solway Firth from Scotland to England [ 12] Carlisle Castle on the orders of Queen Elizabeth I of England , her cousin.May 23 – Battle of Heiligerlee : Troops under Louis of Nassau , brother of William the Silent , defeat a smaller loyalist force under the Duke of Arenberg , in an attempt to invade the Northern Netherlands. This effectively begins the Eighty Years' War .[ 13] June 1 – A mass execution is carried out in the Spanish Netherlands at Sablon , near Brussels , as 18 persons who signed the Compromise of Nobles on April 5, 1566, are beheaded.[ 14] June 13 – Thomas Lancaster is consecrated as the Archbishop of Armagh , spiritual leader of the Church of Ireland , succeeding Archbishop Adam Loftus .June 27 – Ottoman pirate Kılıç Ali Pasha , formerly Italian farmer Giovanni Dionigi Galeni, is appointed as the Ottoman Beylerbey of Ottoman Algeria by the Sultan Selim II .
Date unknown
Births
Pope Urban VIII January 6 – Henri Spondanus , French historian (d. 1643 )[ 25] January 14 – Johannes Hartmann , German chemist (d. 1631 )[ 26] January 20 – Daniel Cramer , German theologian (d. 1637 )[ 27] January 28 – Gustav of Sweden , Swedish prince (d. 1607 )January 30 – Katharina of Hanau-Lichtenberg , countess (d. 1636 )February 2 – Péter Révay , Hungarian historian (d. 1622 )[ 28] February 11 – Honoré d'Urfé , French writer (d. 1625 )[ 29] March 9 – Aloysius Gonzaga , Italian Jesuit and saint (d. 1591 )[ 30] March 16 – Juan Martínez Montañés , Spanish sculptor (d. 1649 )[ 31] March 28 – Johannes Polyander , Dutch theologian (d. 1646 )[ 32] March 30 – Henry Wotton , English author and diplomat (d. 1639 )[ 33] April 5 – Pope Urban VIII (d. 1644 )[ 34] April 17 – George Brooke , English aristocrat (d. 1603 )[ 35] April 21 – Frederick II, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (d. 1587 )[ 36] April 28 – Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza , Portuguese nobleman and father of João IV of Portugal (d. 1630 )[ 37] May 9 – Guglielmo Caccia , Italian painter (d. 1625 )May 11 – Christian I, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg , German prince of the House of Ascania (d. 1630 )[ 38] May 17 – Anna Vasa of Sweden , Swedish princess (d. 1625 )[ 39] May 29 – Virginia de' Medici , Duchess of Modena and Reggio (d. 1615 )[ 40] June 6 – Sophie of Brandenburg , Regent of Saxony (1591–1601) (d. 1622 )[ 41] June 25 – Gunilla Bielke , Queen of Sweden (d. 1597 )[ 42] July 1 – Philip Sigismund of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel , German Catholic bishop (d. 1623 )[ 43] August 27 – Hercule, Duke of Montbazon (d. 1654 )[ 44] September 3 – Adriano Banchieri , Italian composer (d. 1634 )[ 45] September 5 – Tommaso Campanella , Italian theologian and poet (d. 1639 )[ 46] October 2 – Marino Ghetaldi , Croatian mathematician and physicist (d. 1626 )[ 47] October 18 – Henry Wallop , English politician (d. 1642 )[ 48] November 18 – Augustus the Elder, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , Lutheran Bishop of Ratzeburg (d. 1636 )December 17 – Jonathan Trelawny , English politician (d. 1604 )[ 49] date unknown
Nikolaus Ager , French botanist (d. 1634 )[ 50] John Welsh of Ayr , Scottish Presbyterian leader[ 51] Edward Chichester, 1st Viscount Chichester (d. 1648 )[ 52] Nakagawa Hidemasa , Japanese military leader (d. 1592 )Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl , Mexican historian (d. 1648 )[ 53] Gervase Markham , English poet and writer (d. 1637 )[ 54] Robert Wintour , English conspirator (executed 1606 )Wei Zhongxian , Grand Secretary of China (d. 1627 )[ 55] Ōtsu Ono , Japanese woman poet, koto, and writer (believed to have learned how to write from Nobutada Konoe) (d. 1631)
Deaths
Albert, Duke of Prussia January 26 – Lady Catherine Grey , Countess of Hertford (b. 1540 )[ 56] February 15 – Hendrick van Brederode , Dutch reformer (b. 1531 )[ 57] March 19 – Elizabeth Seymour, Lady Cromwell , English noblewoman (b.c. 1518 )March 20 (plague)
May 23 – Adolf of Nassau , Count of Nassau, Dutch soldier (b. 1540 )[ 60] April 7 – Onofrio Panvinio , Italian Augustinian historian (b. 1529 )[ 61] April 27 – Giovanni Michele Saraceni , Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1498 )[ 62] May 6 – Bernardo Salviati , Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1508 )[ 63] May 15 – Anna of Lorraine (b. 1522 )[ 64] May 23 – Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg (b. 1528 )[ 65] June 3 – Andrés de Urdaneta , Spanish explorer (b. 1508 )[ 66] June 5
June 11 – Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince of Wolfenbüttel 1514–1568 (b. 1489 )[ 69] July 1 – Levinus Lemnius , Dutch writer (b. 1505 )[ 70] July 6 – Johannes Oporinus , Swiss printer (b. 1507 )[ 71] July 7 – William Turner , British ornithologist and botanist (b. 1508 )[ 72] July 24 – Carlos, Prince of Asturias , son of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545 )[ 73] August 15 – Stanislaus Kostka , Polish saint (b. 1550 )[ 74] August 21 – Jean Parisot de Valette , 49th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1495 )[ 75] August 23 – Thomas Wharton, 1st Baron Wharton (b. 1495 )[ 76] September 26 – Leonor de Cisneros , Spanish Protestant (b. 1536 )[ 77] September – Anna Pehrsönernas moder , influential Swedish courtier (b. year unknown)September 22 – Jöran Persson , Swedish politician (b. c. 1530 ) (executed)[ 78] October 3 – Elisabeth of Valois , Queen of Philip II of Spain (b. 1545 )[ 79] October 14 – Jacques Arcadelt , Flemish composer (b. 1504 )[ 80] October 19 – Joannes Aurifaber Vratislaviensis , German theologian (b. 1517 )[ 81] October 28 – Ashikaga Yoshihide , Japanese shōgun (b. 1538 )November 6 – Anna of Brunswick-Lüneburg , duchess consort of Pomerania (b. 1502 )[ 82] November 9 – John Radcliffe , English politician (b. 1539 )[ 83] December 23 – Roger Ascham , tutor of Elizabeth I of England (b. 1515 )[ 84] December 24 – Henry V, Burgrave of Plauen (b. 1533 )[ 85] December 28 – Christoph, Duke of Württemberg (b. 1515 )[ 86] December 31 – Shimazu Tadayoshi , Japanese warlord (b. 1493 )date unknown
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