British academic historian and Marxist historiographer (1917–2012)
"Hobsbawm" redirects here. For the British businessman, son of Eric Hobsbawm, see Andy Hobsbawm. For the British academic, daughter of Eric Hobsbawm, see Julia Hobsbawm.
Hobsbawm was born in Alexandria, Egypt, and spent his childhood mainly in Vienna and Berlin. Following the death of his parents and the rise to power of Adolf Hitler, Hobsbawm moved to London with his adoptive family. After serving in the Second World War, he obtained his PhD in history at the University of Cambridge. In 1998, he was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour. He was president of Birkbeck, University of London, from 2002 until his death.[2] In 2003, he received the Balzan Prize for European History since 1900, "for his brilliant analysis of the troubled history of 20th century Europe and for his ability to combine in-depth historical research with great literary talent."
Early life and education
Eric Hobsbawm was born in 1917 in Alexandria, Egypt. His father was Leopold Percy Hobsbaum (né Obstbaum), a Jewish merchant from the East End of London of Polish Jewish descent.[3] His mother was Nelly Hobsbaum (née Grün), who was from a middle-class Austrian Jewish family. Although both of his parents were Jewish, neither was observant.[4] His early childhood was spent in Vienna, Austria, and Berlin, Germany. A clerical error at birth altered his surname from Hobsbaum to Hobsbawm.[5] Although the family lived in German-speaking countries, he grew up speaking English as his first language.[6]
In 1929, when Hobsbawm was 12, his father died, and he started contributing to his family's support by working as an au pair and English tutor. Upon the death of their mother in 1931, he and his sister Nancy were adopted by their maternal aunt, Gretl, and paternal uncle, Sidney, who married and had a son named Peter. Hobsbawm was a student at the Prinz Heinrich-Gymnasium Berlin (today Friedrich-List-School) when the Nazi Party came to power in 1933. That year the family moved to London, where Hobsbawm enrolled in St Marylebone Grammar School.[5] He didn't consider himself a refugee, given that he was British by birth because of his father's nationality.[6][7]
Hobsbawm attended King's College, Cambridge, from 1936,[8] where he joined the Communist Party of Great Britain "in the form of the university's Socialist Club."[6] He took a double-starred first in History and was elected to the Cambridge Apostles. He received a doctorate (PhD) in History from the University of Cambridge for his dissertation on the Fabian Society. During the Second World War, he served in the Royal Engineers and the Army Educational Corps. He was prevented from serving overseas after he attracted the attention of the security services by using the wall newspaper he edited during his army training to argue for the opening up of a Second Front, which was a demand made by the Communist Party of Great Britain at the time. He applied to return to Cambridge as a research student, and was released from the military in 1946.[4]
Academia
MI5 opened a personal file on Hobsbawm in 1942 and their monitoring of his activities was to affect the progress of his career for many years.[7] In 1945, he applied to the BBC for a full-time post making educational broadcasts to help servicemen adjust to civilian life after a long period in the forces and was considered "a most suitable candidate". The appointment was swiftly vetoed by MI5 who believed Hobsbawm was unlikely "to lose any opportunity he may get to disseminate propaganda and obtain recruits for the Communist party".[6] In 1947, he became a lecturer in history at Birkbeck College, University of London which, unusually at the time, lacked any inclination towards anti-communism among staff or students.[7] He became reader in 1959, professor between 1970 and 1982 and an emeritus professor of history in 1982. He was a Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, from 1949 to 1955.[5] Hobsbawm said there was a weaker version of McCarthyism that took hold in Britain and affected Marxist academics: "you didn't get promotion for 10 years, but nobody threw you out".[9] According to Noel Annan in his Our Age, Hobsbawm was denied a lectureship at Cambridge by political enemies, and blocked for a time from a professorship at Birkbeck for the same reasons. Hobsbawm spoke of his good fortune at having got a post at Birkbeck in 1948 before the Cold War really started to take off.[9] Conservative commentator David Pryce-Jones has questioned the existence of such career obstacles.[10]
He published numerous essays in various intellectual journals, dealing with subjects such as barbarity in the modern age, the troubles of labour movements, and the conflict between anarchism and communism. Among his final publications were Globalisation, Democracy and Terrorism (2007), On Empire (2008) and the collection of essays How to Change the World: Marx and Marxism 1840–2011 (2011).
Outside his academic historical writing, Hobsbawm wrote a regular column about jazz for the New Statesman (under the pseudonym Francis Newton, taken from the name of Billie Holiday's communist trumpet player, Frankie Newton). He had become interested in jazz during the 1930s when it was frowned upon by the Communist Party.[6] Hobsbawm occasionally wrote about other forms of popular music, such as in his 1963 article "Beatles and before", in which he predicts that the Beatles "are probably just about to begin their slow descent" and that "[i]n 29 years' time nothing of them will survive".[19]
Hobsbawm joined the Sozialistischer Schülerbund (Association of Socialist Pupils), an offshoot of the Young Communist League of Germany, in Berlin in 1931,[9] and the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) in 1936. He was a member of the Communist Party Historians Group from 1946 until its demise and subsequently president of its successor, the Socialist History Society, until his death. The Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956 led thousands of its members to leave the British Communist Party – but Hobsbawm, unique among his colleagues, remained in the party but was mistrusted by its leadership and ceased political work by the end of the 1950s.[7] Hobsbawm maintained some ties to former colleagues such as E. P. Thompson and John Saville, who had left the CPGB at this time and became leading lights of the New Left in Britain, occasionally contributing to New Left publications but also providing intelligence reports on the dissidents to CPGB headquarters. He later described the New Left as "a half-remembered footnote".[4] He signed a historians' letter of protest against the Soviet invasion of Hungary and was firmly in favour of the Prague Spring.[5]
Hobsbawm was a leading light of the Eurocommunist faction in the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) that began to gather strength after 1968, when the CPGB criticised the Soviet crushing of the Prague Spring and the French Communist Party's failure to support the May 68 movement in Paris.[20] In "The Forward March of Labour Halted?" (originally a Marx Memorial Lecture, "The British Working Class One Hundred Years after Marx", that was delivered to a small audience of fellow Marxists in March 1978 before being published in Marxism Today in September 1978), he argued that the working class was inevitably losing its central role in society, and that left-wing parties could no longer appeal only to this class; a controversial viewpoint in a period of trade union militancy.[20][21] Hobsbawm supported Neil Kinnock's transformation of the British Labour Party from 1983 (the party received 28 per cent of the vote in that year's elections, 2 per cent more than the Social Democratic Party/Liberal Alliance), and, though not close to Kinnock, came to be referred to as "Neil Kinnock's Favourite Marxist".[20] His interventions in Kinnock's remaking of the Labour Party helped prepare the ground for the Third Way, New Labour, and Tony Blair,[20] whom Hobsbawm later derisively referred to as "Thatcher in trousers".[22] Until the cessation of publication in 1991, he contributed to the magazine Marxism Today. A third of the 30 reprints of Marxism Today's feature articles that appeared in The Guardian during the 1980s were articles or interviews by or with Hobsbawm, making him their most popular contributor.[20]
In addition to his association with the CPGB, Hobsbawm developed close ties to the largest Communist Party in the western world, the Italian Communist Party (PCI), of which he declared himself a "spiritual member". He developed contacts with Italian left-wing academics and intellectuals in the early 1950s, which led to him encountering the work of Antonio Gramsci, whose writings were a key influence on Hobsbawm's work on the history of subaltern groups, emphasising their agency as well as structural factors. Hobsbawm spoke favourably about PCI general secretary Enrico Berlinguer's strategy of Historic Compromise in the 1970s, seeking rapprochement with the Catholic Church and the Christian Democrats, providing passive support to the latter in government in order to bring the Communists into the political mainstream by accepting Italy's position as a member of NATO, thus being able to build broader alliances and convince wider sections of society of its legitimacy as a potential governing force.[23]
From the 1960s, his politics took a more moderate turn, as Hobsbawm came to recognise that his hopes were unlikely to be realised, and no longer advocated "socialist systems of the Soviet type".[24] Until the day of his death, however, he remained firmly entrenched on the Left, maintaining that the long-term outlooks for humanity were 'bleak'.[25][26][27][28][29] "I think we ought to get out of that 20th-century habit of thinking of systems as mutually exclusive: you're either socialist or you're capitalist, or whatever", Hobsbawm stated in 2009 in regard to the emergence of a new historical system. "There are plenty of people who still think so. I think very few attempts have been made to build a system on the total assumption of social ownership and social management. At its peak the Soviet system tried it. And in the past 20 or 30 years, the capitalist system has also tried it. In both cases, the results demonstrate that it won't work. So it seems to me the problem isn't whether this market system disappears, but exactly what the nature of the mixture between market economy and public economy is and, above all, in my view, what the social objectives of that economy are. One of the worst things about the politics of the past 30 years is that the rich have forgotten to be afraid of the poor – of most of the people in the world."[30]
Hobsbawm stressed that since communism was not created, the sacrifices were in fact not justified—a point he emphasised in Age of Extremes:
Still, whatever assumptions are made, the number of direct and indirect victims must be measured in eight rather than seven digits. In these circumstances it does not much matter whether we opt for a "conservative" estimate nearer to ten than to twenty million or a larger figure: none can be anything but shameful and beyond palliation, let alone justification. I add, without comment, that the total population of the USSR in 1937 was said to have been 164 millions, or 16.7 millions less than the demographic forecasts of the Second Five-Year Plan (1933–38).[31]
Elsewhere he insisted:
I have never tried to diminish the appalling things that happened in Russia, though the sheer extent of the massacres we didn't realise ... In the early days we knew a new world was being born amid blood and tears and horror: revolution, civil war, famine—we knew of the Volga famine of the early '20s, if not the early '30s. Thanks to the breakdown of the west, we had the illusion that even this brutal, experimental, system was going to work better than the west. It was that or nothing.[5]
With regard to the 1930s, he wrote that
It is impossible to understand the reluctance of men and women on the left to criticise, or even often to admit to themselves, what was happening in the USSR in those years, or the isolation of the USSR's critics on the left, without this sense that in the fight against fascism, communism and liberalism were, in a profound sense, fighting for the same cause. Not to mention the more obvious fact ... that, in the conditions of the 1930s, what Stalin did was a Russian problem, however shocking, whereas what Hitler did was a threat everywhere.[32]
He claimed that the demise of the USSR was "traumatic not only for communists but for socialists everywhere".[33]
Other views
Regarding Queen Elizabeth II, Hobsbawm stated that constitutional monarchy in general has "proved a reliable framework for liberal-democratic regimes" and "is likely to remain useful".[34] On the nuclear attacks on Japan in World War II, he adhered to the view that "there was even less sign of a crack in Japan's determination to fight to the end [compared with that of Nazi Germany], which is why nuclear arms were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki to ensure a rapid Japanese surrender".[35] He believed there was an ancillary political, non-military reason for the bombings: "perhaps the thought that it would prevent America's ally the USSR from establishing a claim to a major part in Japan's defeat was not absent from the minds of the US government either."[36] Hobsbawm is quoted as saying that, next to sex, there is nothing so physically intense as 'participation in a mass demonstration at a time of great public exaltation'.[8]
In 1994, Neal Ascherson said of Hobsbawm: "No historian now writing in English can match his overwhelming command of fact and source. But the key word is 'command'. Hobsbawm's capacity to store and retrieve detail has now reached a scale normally approached only by large archives with big staffs".[9] In 2002, Hobsbawm was described by right-leaning magazine The Spectator as "arguably our greatest living historian—not only Britain's, but the world's",[37] while Niall Ferguson wrote: "That Hobsbawm is one of the great historians of his generation is undeniable ... His quartet of books beginning with The Age of Revolution and ending with The Age of Extremes constitute the best starting point I know for anyone who wishes to begin studying modern history. Nothing else produced by the British Marxist historians will endure as these books will."[38] In 2003, The New York Times described him as "one of the great British historians of his age, an unapologetic Communist and a polymath whose erudite, elegantly written histories are still widely read in schools here and abroad".[39]James Joll wrote in The New York Review of Books that "Eric Hobsbawm's nineteenth century trilogy is one of the great achievements of historical writing in recent decades".[40]Mark Mazower wrote of his historical writings being "about trends, social forces, large-scale change over vast distances. Telling that kind of history in a way that is as compelling as a detective story is a real challenge of style and composition: in the tetralogy, Hobsbawm shows how to do it."[41]Ian Kershaw said that Hobsbawm's take on the twentieth century, his 1994 book, The Age of Extremes, consisted of "masterly analysis".[42] Meanwhile, Tony Judt, while praising Hobsbawm's vast knowledge and graceful prose, cautioned that Hobsbawm's bias in favour of the USSR, communist states and communism in general, and his tendency to disparage any nationalist movement as passing and irrational, weakened his grasp of parts of the 20th century.[43]
With regard to the impact of his Marxist outlook and sympathies on his scholarship, Ben Pimlott saw it as "a tool not a straitjacket; he's not dialectical or following a party line", although Judt argued that it has "prevented his achieving the analytical distance he does on the 19th century: he isn't as interesting on the Russian revolution because he can't free himself completely from the optimistic vision of earlier years. For the same reason, he's not that good on fascism".[5] In a 2011 poll by History Today magazine, he was named the third most important historian of the previous 60 years.[44]
After reading Age of Extremes, Kremlinologist Robert Conquest concluded that Hobsbawm suffers from a "massive reality denial" regarding the USSR,[39] and John Gray, though praising his work on the nineteenth century, has described Hobsbawm's writings on the post-1914 period as "banal in the extreme. They are also highly evasive. A vast silence surrounds the realities of communism, a refusal to engage which led the late Tony Judt to conclude that Hobsbawm had 'provincialised himself'. It is a damning judgement".[45]
In a 1994 interview on BBC television with Canadian academic Michael Ignatieff, Hobsbawm said that the deaths of millions of Soviet citizens under Stalin would have been worth it if a genuinely communist society had been the result.[3][46][47] Hobsbawm argued that, "In a period in which, as you might imagine, mass murder and mass suffering are absolutely universal, the chance of a new world being born in great suffering would still have been worth backing" but, unfortunately, "the Soviet Union was not the beginning of the World Revolution".[46][48] The following year, when asked the same question on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs, if "the sacrifice of millions of lives" would have been worth the future communist society, he replied: "That's what we felt when we fought the Second World War".[5] He repeated what he had already said to Ignatieff, when he asked the rhetorical question, "Do people now say we shouldn't have had World War II, because more people died in World War II than died in Stalin's terror?".[46]
Tony Judt was of the opinion that Hobsbawm "clings to a pernicious illusion of the late Enlightenment: that if one can promise a benevolent outcome it would be worth the human cost. But one of the great lessons of the 20th century is that it's not true. For such a clear-headed writer, he appears blind to the sheer scale of the price paid. I find it tragic, rather than disgraceful."[5] Neil Ascherson believes that, "Eric is not a man for apologising or feeling guilty. He does feel bad about the appalling waste of lives in Soviet communism. But he refuses to acknowledge that he regrets anything. He's not that kind of person."[5] Hobsbawm himself, in his autobiography, wrote that he desires "historical understanding ... not agreement, approval or sympathy".[49]
The 1930s aside, Hobsbawm was criticised for never relinquishing his Communist Party membership. Whereas people like Arthur Koestler left the Party after seeing the friendly reception of Nazi foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop in Moscow during the years of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (1939–1941),[50] Hobsbawm stood firm even after the Soviet interventions of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Prague Spring.[5][39] In his review of Hobsbawm's 2002 memoirs, Interesting Times, Niall Ferguson wrote:
The essence of Communism is the abnegation of individual freedom, as Hobsbawm admits in a chilling passage: "The Party ... had the first, or more precisely the only real claim on our lives. Its demands had absolute priority. We accepted its discipline and hierarchy. We accepted the absolute obligation to follow 'the lines' it proposed to us, even when we disagreed with it ... We did what it ordered us to do ... Whatever it had ordered, we would have obeyed ... If the Party ordered you to abandon your lover or spouse, you did so."
Consider some of the "lines" our historian dutifully toed. He accepted the order to side with the Nazis against the Weimar-supporting Social Democrats in the great Berlin transport strike of 1932. He accepted the order to side with the Nazis against Britain and France following the Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact of 1939. He accepted the excommunication of Tito. He condoned the show trials of men like László Rajk in Hungary.
Hobsbawm let his membership lapse not long before the party's dissolution in 1991.[5]
In his memoirs, Hobsbawm wrote: "The dream of the October Revolution is still there somewhere inside me ... I have abandoned, nay, rejected it, but it has not been obliterated. To this day, I notice myself treating the memory and tradition of the USSR with an indulgence and tenderness."[51] Reviewing the book, David Caute wrote: "One keeps asking of Hobsbawm: didn't you know what Deutscher and Orwell knew? Didn't you know about the induced famine, the horrors of collectivisation, the false confessions, the terror within the Party, the massive forced labour of the gulag? As Orwell himself documented, a great deal of evidence was reliably knowable even before 1939, but Hobsbawm pleads that much of it was not reliably knowable until Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin in 1956."[37]
When the bloody history of 20th century communism intrudes upon Mr. Hobsbawm's disquisitions, it's quickly dismissed. Of the countries occupied by the Soviet Union after World War II—"the Second World War," he says with characteristic slipperiness, "led communist parties to power" in Eastern and Central Europe—he explains that a "possible critique of the new [postwar] socialist regimes does not concern us here." Why did communist regimes share the characteristics of state terror, oppression and murder? "To answer this question is not part of the present chapter." Regarding the execrable pact between Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia, which shocked many former communist sympathizers into lives of anticommunism, Mr. Hobsbawm dismisses the "zig-zags and turns of Comintern and Soviet policy," specifically the "about-turn of 1939–41," which "need not detain us here." In one sense, Mr. Hobsbawm's admirers are right about his erudition: He possesses an encyclopedic knowledge of Marxist thought, specifically Italian communism and pre-Soviet socialist movements. But that knowledge is wasted when used to write untrustworthy history.[39]
Reviewing the same book, Francis Wheen argued in a similar vein: "When writing about how the anti-fascist campaigns of the 1930s brought new recruits to the communist cause, he cannot even bring himself to mention the Hitler-Stalin pact, referring only to 'temporary episodes such as 1939–41'. The Soviet invasion of Hungary and the crushing of the Prague Spring are skipped over."[52] An alternative conservative assessment of Hobsbawm came from Matthew Walther in National Review. While critical of Hobsbawm for his communist sympathies and his purported views about Israel, Walther wrote that "There is no denying his [Hobsbawm's] intelligence and erudition" and concluded that "if Hobsbawm is read 50 or 100 years from now, it will probably be despite rather than because of his politics."[53]
In 2008, the historian Tony Judt summed up Hobsbawm's career thus: "Eric J. Hobsbawm was a brilliant historian in the great English tradition of narrative history. On everything he touched he wrote much better, had usually read much more, and had a broader and subtler understanding than his more fashionable emulators. If he had not been a lifelong Communist he would be remembered simply as one of the great historians of the 20th century".[3]
Personal life
Hobsbawm's friend, historian Donald Sassoon, wrote that: "Hobsbawm was not a Jewish historian; he was an historian who happened to be Jewish".[54] His first marriage was to Muriel Seaman in 1943. They divorced in 1951.[3] His second marriage was to Marlene Schwarz (in 1962), with whom he had two children, Julia Hobsbawm and Andy Hobsbawm. He had an out-of-wedlock son, Joshua Bennathan, who was born in 1958[55] and died in November 2014.[3][56]
Hobsbawm died from complications of pneumonia and leukaemia at the Royal Free Hospital in London on 1 October 2012, aged 95.[57] His daughter, Julia, said "He'd been quietly fighting leukaemia for a number of years without fuss or fanfare. Right up until the end he was keeping up what he did best, he was keeping up with current affairs, there was a stack of newspapers by his bed".[58]
Following Hobsbawm's death reactions included praise for his "sheer academic productivity and prowess" and "tough reasoning" in The Guardian.[59] Reacting to news of Hobsbawm's death, Ed Miliband called him "an extraordinary historian, a man passionate about his politics ... He brought history out of the ivory tower and into people's lives".[57]
Owing to his status as a widely read and prominent Communist historian, and the fact that his ideology had influenced his work, Hobsbawm has been credited with spreading Marxist thought around the globe.[1] His writings reached particular prominence in India and Brazil in the 1960s and 1970s at a time of lively debate about these countries' political and social future.[1] Emile Chabal, in an essay for Aeon, wrote: "In the period from the early 1960s to the late '80s, Marxists in non-communist countries were increasingly able to participate in a transnational discussion over the past and future of capitalism, and the most promising agents of revolutionary change. Hobsbawm played a starring role in these discussions – and, occasionally, set the agenda."[1]
^ abcdSaunders, Frances Stonor (9 April 2015). "Stuck on the Flypaper". London Review of Books. Vol. 37, no. 7. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
^Perry Anderson (3 October 2002). "The Age of EJH". London Review of Books. Vol. 24, no. 19. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^Tim Adams (21 January 2001). "The lion of the Left". The Observer. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^Eric Hobsbawm (24 January 2008). "Diary". London Review of Books. Vol. 30, no. 2. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 11 January 2012.
^"Eric Hobsbawm". 032c. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
^Tony Judt (20 November 2003). "The Last Romantic". The New York Review of Books. Vol. 50, no. 18. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
^ abWalther, Matthew (25 November 2013). "Eric the Red". National Review. pp. 27–28. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
^Nathan, John (14 January 2010). "Interview: Joss Bennathan". The Jewish Chronicle. Archived from [thejc.com/arts/arts-interviews/26016/interview-joss-bennathan the original] on 24 February 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2021. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
Bounds, Philip (2012). "From Folk to Jazz: Eric Hobsbawm, British Communism and Cultural Studies". Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory. Vol. 40, no. 4. pp. 575–593.
Campbell, J. (12 February 1988). "Towards the Great Decision: review of The Age of Empire". Times Literary Supplement. Vol. 4428. p. 153.
Cronin, J. (1979). "Creating a Marxist Historiography: the contribution of Hobsbawm". Radical History Review. 1978–79 (19): 87–109. doi:10.1215/01636545-1978-79-19-87.
Elliott, Gregory, Hobsbawm: History and Politics, London: Pluto Press, 2010.
Genovese, Eugene "The Squandered Century: review of The Age of Extremes" from The New Republic, Volume 212, 17 April 1995, pp. 38–43
Hampson, Norman. "All for the Better? review of Echoes of the Marseillaise" from Times Literary Supplement, Volume 4550, 15 June 1990, p. 637.
Judt, Tony. "Downhill All the Way: review of The Age of Extremes" from New York Review of Books, 25 May 1995, Volume 49, Issue # 9, pp. 20–25.
Kershaw, Ian (2001) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris. London: Penguin. ISBN978-0-14-013363-9.
Landes, David "The Ubiquitous Bourgeoisie: review of The Age of Capital" from Times Literary Supplement, Volume 3873, 4 June 1976, pp. 662–664.
McKibblin, R. "Capitalism out of Control": review of The Age of Extremes from Times Literary Supplement, Volume 4778, 28 October 1994, p. 406.
Mingay, G. E. "Review of Captain Swing" from English Historical Review, Volume 85 (337), 1970, p. 810.
Samuel, Raphael & Jones, Gareth Stedman (editors) Culture, Ideology and Politics: essays for Eric Hobsbawm, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1982.
Seton-Watson, H. "Manufactured Mythologies: review of The Invention of Tradition" from Times Literary Supplement, Volume 4207, 18 November 1983, p. 1270.
Smith, P. "No Vulgar Marxist: review of On History"from Times Literary Supplement, Volume 4917, 27 June 1997, p. 31.
Snowman, Daniel. "Eric Hobsbawm" from History Today, Volume 49, Issue 1, January 1999, pp. 16–18.
Thane, P.; G. Crossick & R. Floud (editors) The Power of the Past: essays for Eric Hobsbawm, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Thane, P., & E. Lunbeck. "Interview with Eric Hobsbawm", in: Visions of History, edited by H. Abelove, et al., Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983; pp. 29–46.
Weber, Eugen. "What Rough Beast?" from Critical Review, Volume 10, Issue # 2, 1996, pp. 285–298.
Wrigley, Chris. "Eric Hobsbawm: an appreciation" from Bulletin of the Society for the Study of Labour History, Volume 38, Issue No. 1, 1984, p. 2.
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The Eric Hobsbawm BibliographyArchived 22 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine, which contains a complete listing of Hobsbawm's published books, journal articles, book chapters, reviews, newspaper articles and pamphlets, as well as his unpublished work and his private papers.
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Scottish politician and nobleman His GraceThe Duke of ArgyllGCH PC'A view of Argyle' colour etching, 1819.Lord Steward of the HouseholdIn office11 September 1833 – 14 November 1834MonarchWilliam IVPrime Minister The Earl Grey The Viscount Melbourne Preceded byThe Marquess WellesleySucceeded byThe Earl of WiltonIn office23 April 1835 – 22 October 1839Monarchs William IV Victoria Prime MinisterThe Viscount MelbournePreceded byThe Earl of WiltonSucceeded byThe Earl of Errol...
Die Heeresgruppe E war ein Großverband des Heeres der Wehrmacht während des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Geschichte 2 Organisation 3 Oberbefehlshaber 4 Literatur 5 Weblinks Geschichte Generaloberst Alexander Löhr war von 1943 bis 1945 Oberbefehlshaber der Heeresgruppe E Die Heeresgruppe E wurde am 1. Januar 1943 aus dem Armeeoberkommando 12 aufgestellt, ihr Oberbefehlshaber fungierte bis zum August 1943 zugleich als „Oberbefehlshaber Südost“. Die Heeresgruppe E war bei ih...
German footballer Marcel Eger Eger with FC St. Pauli in 2008Personal informationFull name Marcel Eger[1]Date of birth (1983-03-23) 23 March 1983 (age 40)Place of birth Sachsen bei Ansbach, West Germany[2]Height 1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)Position(s) DefenderYouth career 1. FC Sachsen SpVgg Ansbach0000–2003 1. FC NürnbergSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2001–2003 1. FC Nürnberg II 27 (2)2003–2004 1. SC Feucht 26 (1)2004–2011 FC St. Pauli 131 (8)2009–201...
Cet article est une ébauche concernant la physique. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Image illustratifs La mobilité des porteurs de charge est une notion utilisée en physique pour caractériser les milieux conducteurs du courant électrique. Elle est notée μ {\displaystyle \mu } et relie la vitesse moyenne d'un porteur de charge électrique du milieu (électron, trou, ion, etc.) au ...
Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang unsur kimia. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Plutonium (disambiguasi). Artikel ini bukan mengenai Polonium. Plutonium, 94PuSampel plutonium berdiameter ~44 mm Garis spektrum plutoniumSifat umumNama, lambangplutonium, PuPengucapan/plutonium/[1] Alotroplihat alotrop plutoniumPenampilanputih keperakan, teroksidasi menjadi abu-abu gelap ketika terpapar dengan udaraPlutonium dalam tabel periodik Hidrogen Helium Lithium Berilium Boron Karbon Nit...
American swimmer Kristine QuancePersonal informationFull nameKristine Lora QuanceNational teamUnited StatesBorn (1975-04-01) April 1, 1975 (age 48)Northridge, CaliforniaHeight5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)Weight141 lb (64 kg)SportSportSwimmingStrokesBreaststroke, medleyClubCLASS AquaticsTrojan Swim ClubCollege teamUniversity of Southern California Medal record Women's swimming Representing the United States Olympic Games 1996 Atlanta 4×100 m medley World Champions...
MartadahDesaPeta lokasi Desa MartadahNegara IndonesiaProvinsiKalimantan SelatanKabupatenTanah LautKecamatanTambang UlangKode pos70854Kode Kemendagri63.01.08.2003 Luas... km²Jumlah penduduk... jiwaKepadatan... jiwa/km² Martadah adalah salah satu desa di Kecamatan Tambang Ulang, Kabupaten Tanah Laut, Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. Pranala luar (Indonesia) Keputusan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 050-145 Tahun 2022 tentang Pemberian dan Pemutakhiran Kode, Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintaha...
This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (March 2022) This is a list of Melās celebrated at various provinces of Nepal. Province in Nepal This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (December 2021) Province 1 Kumbha Mela- celebrate every 12 years at Barahakshetra.[1] Mai Beni Mela - celebrated annually on Maghe Sankranti in Ilam district.[2]...
2016 strategy video game 2016 video gameReignsDeveloper(s)NerialPublisher(s)Devolver DigitalDesigner(s)François AlliotProgrammer(s)François AlliotArtist(s)Mieko MurakamiWriter(s)François AlliotComposer(s)DisasterpeaceMateo LugoEngineUnityPlatform(s)AndroidiOSLinuxmacOSMicrosoft WindowsNintendo SwitchStadiaReleaseAndroid, iOS, Linux, macOS, Windows11 August 2016Nintendo Switch20 September 2018Stadia22 December 2020Genre(s)StrategyMode(s)Single-player Reigns is a 2016 strategy game developed...
BavuWallace Beery sebagai BavuSutradara Stuart Paton Produser Carl Laemmle Ditulis oleh Raymond L. Schrock Albert Kenyon BerdasarkanThe Attic of Felix Bavu olehEarl CarrollPemeranWallace BeerySinematograferAllen M. DaveyDistributorUniversal PicturesTanggal rilis 07 Mei 1923 (1923-05-07) Durasi8 rolNegara Amerika Serikat BahasaFilm bisu dengan antar judul [[bahasa (Teks bahasa Inggris)|(Teks bahasa Inggris)]] Bavu adalah sebuah film drama bisu Amerika Serikat yang dirilis pada tahun ...
село Паріївка Країна Україна Область Вінницька область Район Вінницький район Громада Погребищенська міська громада Код КАТОТТГ UA05020210360026629 Основні дані Населення 157 Площа 0,79 км² Густота населення 198,73 осіб/км² Поштовий індекс 22255 Телефонний код +380 4346 Географічн...
Real Santuario de la Virgen de la Salud Bien de interés culturalPatrimonio histórico de España Vista generalLocalizaciónPaís España EspañaComunidad Comunidad Valenciana Comunidad ValencianaProvincia CastellónCastellónLocalidad TraigueraDatos generalesCategoría MonumentoCódigo RI-51-0011580[1]Declaración 16 de febrero de 2007Estilo Renacimiento y barroco[editar datos en Wikidata] El Real Santuario de la Virgen de la Salud está situado a dos kil...
Papua New Guinea islands in located in northeast of Bougainville in the South Pacific Carteret IslandsTulunKilinailauMap of the atollCarteret IslandsTulunKilinailauLocation of Tulun in Papua New GuineaGeographyLocationMelanesiaCoordinates04°46′57″S 155°27′54″E / 4.78250°S 155.46500°E / -4.78250; 155.46500Total islands7Area295 km2 (114 sq mi)Length25.2 km (15.66 mi)Width16.2 km (10.07 mi)Highest elevation1.6 m (5....
