Hoxhaism

Marxism–Leninism
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Translated works by Albanian leader Enver Hoxha

Hoxhaism (/ˈhɒdʒə.ɪzəm/ HOJ-ə-iz-əm) is a variant of anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revisionist movement, appearing after the ideological dispute between the Chinese Communist Party and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978.^[1] The ideology is named after Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the Party of Labour from 1941 to 1985 and leader of Albania from 1944 to 1985.

The term Hoxhaism is rarely employed by the organizations which are associated with this trend, with Hoxhaists viewing Hoxha's theoretical contributions to Marxism as strictly an augmentation of anti-revisionism rather than a distinct ideology. Hoxhaists typically identify themselves with Marxism–Leninism or Stalinism.^[2]

Overview

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Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of Joseph Stalin, the organization of the Soviet Union under Stalinism,^[3] and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as revisionist—it defined currents such as Eurocommunism as anti-communist movements.^[4]

Critical of the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and Yugoslavia, Enver Hoxha labeled the latter three "social imperialist" and condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the Warsaw Pact in response.^[5] Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue socialism by different paths, dictated by the conditions in those countries,^[6] although Hoxha personally held the view that Titoism was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice.^[7]^[8]

Following the fall of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania in 1991, many Hoxhaist parties grouped themselves around the International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle), an international conference founded in 1994, and its publication Unity and Struggle.^[9]

See also

References

^ Communism for Know-It-Alls. Filiquarian Publishing, LLC. 2008. p. 23.
^ "Revolutionary Spirit: The Marxist-Leninist Guide to Leftist Factions". Revolutionary Spirit. 2010-02-27. Retrieved 2023-01-08.
^ Pridham, Geoffrey (2000). The Dynamics of Democratization: A Comparative Approach. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 9780826450388.
^ Hoxha, Enver (August 1979). "The Marxist-Leninist Movement and the World Crisis of Capitalism". Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania.
^ Hoxha, Enver (1978). "I: The strategy of imperialism and modern revisionism". Imperialism and the Revolution. Tirana, Albania.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "A Brief Guide to Hoxhaism". The Red Star Vanguard. 11 June 2011. Archived from the original on 25 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
^ Hoxha, Enver. "Enver Hoxha: Eurocommunism is Anticommunism". Archived from the original on 23 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.
^ Hoxha, Enver (1960). "Reject the Revisionist Theses of the XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Anti-Marxist Stand of Krushchev's Group! Uphold Marxism-Leninism!". Naim Frasheri Publishing House.
^ "Communist Declaration to the Workers of the World". www.revolutionarydemocracy.org. Retrieved 2023-01-24.

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Capitalism	Liberalism Chicago school Conservatism American conservatism Keynesianism Libertarianism Monetarism Neoclassical economics Reaganomics Supply-side economics Democratic capitalism
Socialism	Communism Marxism–Leninism Castroism Eurocommunism Guevarism Hoxhaism Juche Ho Chi Minh Thought Maoism Trotskyism Stalinism Titoism
Other	Imperialism Anti-imperialism Nationalism Ultranationalism Chauvinism Ethnic nationalism Racism Zionism Anti-Zionism Fascism Neo-Nazism Islamism Totalitarianism Authoritarianism Autocracy Liberal democracy Illiberal democracy Guided democracy Social democracy Third-worldism White supremacy White nationalism White separatism Apartheid

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Pro-communist	Active measures Izvestia Neues Deutschland Pravda Radio Moscow Rudé právo Trybuna Ludu TASS Soviet Life
Pro-Western	Amerika Crusade for Freedom Paix et Liberté Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Red Scare Voice of America

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See also

v t e Marxism–Leninism
Concepts	Administrative-command system Aggravation of class struggle under socialism Anti-imperialism Anti-fascism Anti-revisionism Central planning Soviet-type economic planning Commanding heights of the economy Developed socialism Dialectical logic Dialectical materialism Foco Labour aristocracy Marxist–Leninist atheism Partiinost' Popular front Proletarian internationalism Self-criticism Social fascism Socialism in one country Socialist patriotism Soviet Yugoslav Theory of the productive forces Third Period Wars of national liberation
Class system	Dictatorship of the proletariat People's democratic dictatorship People's democratic state National-democratic state Socialist state State of socialist orientation Socialist state of the whole people
Political system	Central committee Civilian control of the military Collective leadership Cult of personality Democratic centralism General Secretary of the Communist Party Highest organ of state power Leading role of the party Politburo Secretariat State Transmission belt Unified power Vanguardism
Variants	Cuban (Castroism Guevarism) Ho Chi Minh Thought Hoxhaism Husakism Juche (Songun Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism Kimjongunism) Kadarism Khrushchevism Maoism (Marxism–Leninism–Maoism Gonzalo Thought Prachanda Path Pantherism (Intercommunalism) New Communism) Kaysone Phomvihane Thought National Pol Potism African (Sankarism Nkrumaism) Socialism with Chinese characteristics (Dengism Three Represents Scientific Outlook on Development Xi Jinping Thought) Stalinism American (Bill of Rights socialism Browderism Lovestoneism Marcyism) Titoism (Đilasism Rankovićism) Dubčekism Zachariadism Brezhnevism
People	Joseph Stalin Mao Zedong Ernst Thälmann Khorloogiin Choibalsan Ehmetjan Qasim José Díaz Maurice Thorez Palmiro Togliatti Dolores Ibárruri Ho Chi Minh Võ Nguyên Giáp Earl Browder Nikita Khrushchev Walter Ulbricht Josip Broz Tito Mátyás Rákosi Lazar Kaganovich Georgi Dimitrov Bolesław Bierut Valko Chervenkov Klement Gottwald Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej Enver Hoxha Kaysone Phomvihane Khalid Bakdash Leonid Brezhnev Deng Xiaoping Pol Pot Nikos Zachariadis Che Guevara Fidel Castro Agostinho Neto Mengistu Haile Mariam Kim Il Sung Chin Peng Sanzō Nosaka Nicolae Ceaușescu Gustáv Husák János Kádár Maurice Bishop Erich Honecker Władysław Gomułka Samora Machel Thomas Sankara Mathieu Kérékou Siad Barre Nur Muhammad Taraki Alfonso Cano Pushpa Kamal Dahal Rohana Wijeweera Abimael Guzmán Gus Hall Gennady Zyuganov Xi Jinping
Theoretical works	Foundations of Leninism Dialectical and Historical Materialism The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) Britain's Road to Socialism Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR A Critique of Soviet Economics Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism Guerrilla Warfare
History	Soviet Union (1927–1953 1953–1964 1964–1982 1982–1991) Great Break Collectivization in the Soviet Union Industrialization in the Soviet Union Great Purge Spanish Civil War Great Patriotic War Greek Civil War Cold War Eastern Bloc Chinese Communist Revolution China (1949–1976 1976–1989 1989–2002 2002–present) Tito–Stalin split Korean War Cuban Revolution De-Stalinization Warsaw Pact Non-Aligned Movement Vietnam War Albanian–Soviet split Sino-Soviet split Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Great Leap Forward Portuguese Colonial War Black Power movement Nicaraguan Revolution Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Naxalite insurgency New People's Army rebellion Maoist insurgency in Turkey Sino-Albanian split Internal conflict in Peru Nepalese Civil War Revolutions of 1989
By country	Afghanistan Albania Angola Benin Bulgaria Cambodia (Democratic Kampuchea People's Republic of Kampuchea) China Congo Cuba Czechoslovakia (Czechia Slovakia) East Germany Ethiopia Grenada Hungary Laos Mongolia Mozambique North Korea Poland Romania Somalia Soviet Union (Armenia Azerbaijan Byelarus Estonia Georgia Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lithuania Moldova Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan) Vietnam Yemen Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia)
Organizations	Albanian Party of Labour Comecon Comintern Chinese Communist Party Communist Party of Brazil Communist Party of Cuba Communist Party of India Communist Party of India (Marxist) Communist Party of Kampuchea Communist Party of the Philippines Communist Party of the Russian Federation Communist Party of the Soviet Union Communist Party of Vietnam Communist Party of Malaya Indochinese Communist Party Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party Lao People's Revolutionary Party Nepal Communist Party Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Sandinista National Liberation Front Shining Path (Militarized Communist Party of Peru) Workers' Party of Korea Portuguese Communist Party
Related topics	Bolshevism Leninism Trotskyism
See also	All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Anti-communism (Mass killings) Cold War Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes (Mass killings) Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule Marxist schools of thought National Bolshevism New class Post-Marxism–Leninism Red fascism Red Scare (Second) Second World State capitalism State socialism State ideology of China State ideology of the Soviet Union Third-Worldism Totalitarianism
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Becker County, Minnesota

Sandefjord Fotball

Ivan Stepanovich Silayev

ترينيداد (كولورادو)

Swain–Lupton equation

San Donato Milanese

Russian frigate Ladny

Jalan Tol Depok–Antasari

Eugène Bourgeois

List of Spümcø works

Mantova Sportiva 1941-1942

Artificial photosynthesis

Metherell, Cornwall

2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup final

Carl Skottsberg

1999 TSFL season

Colombian Women's Football League

Rosianna Silalahi

Lexington, Georgia

Bayadera hyalina

Advanced Stirling radioisotope generator

2014 AFF Futsal Championship

St Luke's Church, Stapleford

Surface Water and Ocean Topography

Biloxi Bay Bridge

Moe's Southwest Grill

Template talk:1949 North Central Conference football standings

Vector generalized linear model

George William Hannaford

Símbolo del sistema de Windows

SMK Negeri 1 Cikarang Pusat

Fallen Gods (novella)

Aymar Charles d'Alleizette

Wakefield Parish, New Brunswick

جمال حاجي

Lingkar Selatan, Lengkong, Bandung

Laura Ruth Walker

Primera Divisió (futsal)

توني ميرشنت (كاتب سيناريو)

Marcello Bazzana

Rosa Parks Flat

Environmental issues in Iran

Gaston-Paul Collin

Christine Fellows

Talk:Minister for Transport (New South Wales)

Talk:South Atlantic tropical cyclone/2016

Northfield Mountains

Talk:Tropical Storm Fay (2002)

2010–11 Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team

Gargara minusculus

Carpentier Creek

Robert R. Lawson

Idaho's 28th legislative district

Per favore non toccate le palline

Bens Creek (suba sa Tinipong Bansa, North Carolina)

La Tejonera, Amatenango del Valle

Right Hand Fork Rock Creek

下仁田インターチェンジ

アナトール・ラパポート

Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee

大嶝对台小额商品贸易市场

Isla del Conde, San Blas

Columbus Street Historic District

Lena Hjelm-Wallén

Polylabris australiensis

Andrew Freemantle

Nothing Has Changed

Ulysses (Kansas)

Ocean general circulation model

William Cranch Bond

Bonamia mexicana

Talk:Sultanate of Rajah Buayan

Isla Dos Hermanas del Sur

Microtrachelizus elephas

Parco di Villa Montalvo

Talk:Jack Oakie

Lac Ella (lanaw sa Kanada)

Talk:Miguel Cabrera/Archive 1

Talk:1989 Danish 1st Division

Talk:Anna Cramling/GA1

Player character

Entre la coupe et l'election

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Volo American Airlines 444

Selina Hastings

La Chuparrosa, Chapulhuacán

Diphyus tepidus

Aston Martin Rapide

Julia Tjizjenko

Anasterias antipodum

Hardscrabble Hollow (walog sa Tinipong Bansa, Tennessee)

Oberonia latilabris

Don't look back!

Música para piano de Gabriel Fauré

Cultus Sanguine

Hellingers Gesetz

Santa María la Asunción

Baiguo (socken i Kina, Sichuan)

Dyre Jesus, du är min

James Scarlett, 1.º Barão de Abinger

User talk:Atler5264

Acteocina bullata

Andrea Ferrigato

Michele Scarponi

Stasiun Nakagomi

Suddenly, Last Summer

Rundtjärnen (Åre socken, Jämtland, vid Sevedholm)

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Neelambari (2001 film)