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Neo-Marxism is a collection of Marxist schools of thought originating from 20th-century approaches^[1]^[2]^[3] to amend or extend^[4] Marxism and Marxist theory, typically by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions such as critical theory, psychoanalysis, or existentialism. Neo-Marxism comes under the broader framework of the New Left. In a sociological sense, neo-Marxism adds Max Weber's broader understanding of social inequality, such as status and power, to Marxist philosophy.

As with many uses of the prefix neo-, some theorists and groups who are designated as neo-Marxists have attempted to supplement the perceived deficiencies of orthodox Marxism or dialectical materialism.^[5] Many prominent neo-Marxists, such as Herbert Marcuse^[6] and other members of the Frankfurt School, have historically been sociologists and psychologists.^[7]^[8]

Examples of neo-Marxism include analytical Marxism, French structural Marxism, political Marxism, critical theory, cultural studies, as well as some forms of feminism. Erik Olin Wright's^[9] theory of contradictory class locations is an example of the syncretism found in neo-Marxist thought, as it incorporates Weberian sociology, and critical criminology.^[10]

There is some ambiguity surrounding the difference between neo-Marxism and post-Marxism,^[11]^[12] with many thinkers being considered both.^[13]^[14] Prominent neo-Marxist journals include Spectre,^[15] Historical Materialism,^[16] New Left Review, Rethinking Marxism,^[17] Capital & Class,^[18] Salvage,^[19] Cultural Logic^[20] and the Seminar in Contemporary Marxism.^[21]

History

Neo-Marxism developed as a result of social and political problems that traditional Marxist theory was unable to sufficiently address.^[22]

Following World War I, some neo-Marxists dissented and later formed the Frankfurt School. The Frankfurt School never identified themselves as neo-Marxists. Toward the end of the 20th century, neo-Marxism and other Marxist theories became anathema in democratic and capitalistic Western cultures, where the term attained negative connotations during the Red Scare. For this reason, social theorists of the same ideology since that time have tended to disassociate themselves from the term neo-Marxism.^[23]

Thinkers

Neo-Marxist feminism

Some portions of Marxist feminism have used the neo-Marxist label.^[68]^[69] This school of thought believes that the means of knowledge, culture, and pedagogy are part of a privileged epistemology. Neo-Marxist feminism relies heavily on critical theory and seeks to apply those theories in psychotherapy as the means of political and cultural change. Teresa McDowell and Rhea Almeida use these theories in a therapy method called "liberation based healing", which, like many other forms of Marxism, uses sample bias in the many interrelated liberties in order to magnify the "critical consciousness" of the participants towards unrest of the status quo.^[69]^[70]^[71]^[68]

Neo-Marxian economics

New Symbolization Project, a critical theory club at Boise State University, held the first sustained, multi-disciplinary academic response to the Jordan Peterson phenomenon in late October 2018; notable Marxist economist Richard D. Wolff and radical theologian Peter Rollins gave the keynotes.

The terms "neo-Marxian", "post-Marxian", and "radical political economics" were first used to refer to a distinct tradition of economic theory in the 1970s and 1980s that stems from Marxian economic thought. Many of the leading figures were associated with the leftist Monthly Review School. The neo-Marxist approach to development economics is connected with dependency and world systems theories. In these cases, the 'exploitation' that classifies it as Marxist is an external one, rather than the normal 'internal' exploitation of classical Marxism.^[4]^[72]

In industrial economics, the neo-Marxian approach stresses the monopolistic and oligarchical rather than the competitive nature of capitalism.^[73] This approach is associated with Michał Kalecki,^[74] Paul A. Baran, and Paul Sweezy.^[75]^[73]

Such theorists as Samuel Bowles,^[76]^[77] David Gordon, John Roemer, Herbert Gintis, Jon Elster, and Adam Przeworski have adopted the techniques of neoclassical economics, including game theory and mathematical modeling, to demonstrate Marxian concepts such as exploitation and class conflict.^[78]

The neo-Marxian approach integrated non-Marxist or "bourgeois" economics from the post-Keynesians like Joan Robinson and the neo-Ricardian school of Piero Sraffa. Polish economists Michał Kalecki, Rosa Luxemburg, Henryk Grossman, Adam Przeworski, and Oskar Lange were influential in this school, particularly in developing theories of underconsumption. While most official communist parties denounced neo-Marxian theories as "bourgeois economics", some neo-Marxians served as advisers to socialist or Third World developing governments. Neo-marxist theories were also influential in the study of Imperialism.

Concepts

Big business can maintain selling prices at high levels while still competing to cut costs, advertise and market their products. However, competition is generally limited with a few large capital formations sharing various markets, with the exception of a few actual monopolies (such as the Bell System at the time). The economic surpluses that result cannot be absorbed through consumers spending more. The concentration of the surplus in the hands of the business elite must therefore be geared towards imperialistic and militaristic government tendencies, which is the easiest and surest way to utilise surplus productive capacity.

Exploitation focuses on low wage workers and groups at home, especially minorities. Average earners see the pressures in drive for production destroy their human relationships, leading to wider alienation and hostility. The whole system is largely irrational since though individuals may make rational decisions, the ultimate systemic goals are not. The system continues to function so long as Keynesian full employment policies are pursued, but there is the continued threat to stability from less-developed countries throwing off the restraints of neo-colonial domination.

Labor theory of value

Paul A. Baran introduced the concept of potential economic surplus to deal with novel complexities raised by the dominance of monopoly capital, in particular the theoretical prediction that monopoly capitalism would be associated with low capacity utilization, and hence potential surplus would typically be much larger than the realized surplus. With Paul Sweezy, Baran elaborated the importance of this innovation, its consistency with Marx's labor concept of value and supplementary relation to Marx's category of surplus value.^[79]

According to Baran's categories:

Actual economic surplus: "the difference between what society's actual current output and its actual current consumption." Hence, it is equal to current savings or accumulation.
Potential economic surplus: "the difference between that output that could be produced in a given natural and technical environment with the help of employable productive resources, and what might be regarded as essential consumption".

Baran also introduced the concept of planned surplus—a category that could only be operationalized in a rationally planned socialist society. This was defined as "the difference between society's 'optimum' output available in a historically given natural and technological environment under conditions of planned 'optimal' utilization of all available productive resources, and some chosen 'optimal' volume of consumption."^[80]

Baran used the surplus concept to analyze underdeveloped economies (or what are now more optimistically called "developing economies") in his Political Economy of Growth.^[80]

Academic journals

Spectre^[81]
Historical Materialism^[82]
Rethinking Marxism^[83]
Capital & Class^[84]
Salvage^[85]
Cultural Logic^[86]
Seminar in Contemporary Marxism^[87]
Radical Philosophy^[88]

References

^ ^a ^b Ritzer, George; Schubert, J. Daniel (1991). "The Changing Nature of Neo-Marxist Theory: A Metatheoretical Analysis". Sociological Perspectives. 34 (3): 359–375. doi:10.2307/1389516. JSTOR 1389516. S2CID 146959219.
^ Toscano, Alberto (2007). "Neo-Marxism". The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosn012. ISBN 978-1-4051-2433-1.
^ Sterling-Folker, Jennifer (2011). "International Relations Theory". In Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Political Science. Vol. 3. CQ Press. pp. 829–831. doi:10.4135/9781608712434. ISBN 9781933116440.
^ ^a ^b Foster-Carter, Aidan (January 1973). "Neo-Marxist approaches to development and underdevelopment". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 3 (1): 7–33. doi:10.1080/00472337308566845.
^ "Neo-Marxism". New Discourses. 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
^ Swedberg, Richard (March 1987). "The Neo-Marxist Contribution". Current Sociology. 35 (1): 78–91. doi:10.1177/001139287035001010. S2CID 145656368.
^ Gunnell, John G. (2011). "Political Science, History of". In Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Political Science. Vol. 4. CQ Press. pp. 1278–1286. ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0.
^ Laberge, Yves (2011). "Protest Music". In Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Political Science. Vol. 4. CQ Press. pp. 1374–1375. ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0.
^ ^a ^b Wright, Erik Olin (2005). "Foundations of a neo-Marxist class analysis". Approaches to Class Analysis. pp. 4–30. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511488900.002. ISBN 978-0-521-84304-1. S2CID 143072329.
^ Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon, eds. (1998). "neo-Marxism". A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press.
^ Barrow, Clyde W. (1993). Critical Theories of the State: Marxist, Neomarxist, Postmarxist. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-13714-4.^{[page needed]}
^ "IV. Marxisms and Neo-Marxisms | Cultural Politics". culturalpolitics.net. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ "Hardt & Negri's 'Multitude': the worst of both worlds". openDemocracy. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ Harrison, Oliver (2016). Revolutionary Subjectivity in Post-Marxist Thought: Laclau, Negri, Badiou. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-06333-9.^{[page needed]}
^ "Spectre Journal". Spectre Journal. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ "About Us | Historical Materialism". www.historicalmaterialism.org. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "Rethinking Marxism". rethinkingmarxism.org. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "Sagepub".
^ "About". Salvage. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ "About the Journal | Cultural Logic: A Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice". ojs.library.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
^ London, King's College. "Contemporary Marxism Research Group". King's College London. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ Althusser, Louis (15 December 2017). "The Crisis of Marxism (1977)". Viewpoint Magazine. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ Yates, Shaun (2014). Crime, Criminality & Social Revolution. UK: Clok. p. 44.
^ "A little help from my neo-Marxist philosopher: was Adorno the fifth Beatle?". The Guardian. 10 September 2019.
^ "Althusser and the Renewal of Marxist Social Theory". publishing.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
^ Folson, Kweku G. (1985). "Samir Amin as a Neo-Marxist". Africa Development / Afrique et Développement. 10 (3): 112–136. JSTOR 24495941.
^ Brown, Douglas (9 January 2013). "Michael Apple, Social Theory, Critical Transcendence, and the New Sociology: An Essay". In Education. 17 (2). doi:10.37119/ojs2011.v17i2.79.
^ "Balibar Étienne". Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory. 19 April 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ Freeman, Samuel. "The Headquarters of Neo-Marxism".
^ "Tithi Bhattacharya". Tithi Bhattacharya. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ Johnston, Paul (1985). "Review of Accumulation Crisis". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 30: 213–223. ISSN 0067-5830. JSTOR 41035351.
^ Thomas, Alan (2016). "G. A. Cohen's Neo-Marxist Critique of Rawls". Republic of Equals. pp. 68–94. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190602116.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-060211-6.
^ Moolakkattu, John S. (October 2009). "Robert W. Cox and Critical Theory of International Relations". International Studies. 46 (4): 439–456. doi:10.1177/002088171004600404. S2CID 143270526.
^ Ritzer, George (2005). Encyclopedia of Social Theory. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publishing. doi:10.4135/9781412952552. ISBN 978-0-7619-2611-5. OCLC 162126827.
^ Wamp, Bailey (1 May 2015). Spectacle, Consumer Capitalism, and the Hyperreality of the Mediated American Jury Trial: the French Perspective on O.J. Simpson, Casey Anthony, and Dominique Strauss-Kahn (Masters). University of Tennessee.
^ Stauffer, Jill (2001). "Review of The End of Human Rights". Journal of Law and Society. 28 (3): 459–463. JSTOR 3657993.
^ Bowers, C. A. (January 1984). "The Problem of Individualism and Community in Neo-Marxist Educational Thought". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education. 85 (3): 365–390. doi:10.1177/016146818408500307. S2CID 141113071.
^ Au, Wayne (2015). "Just What the Hell is a Neo-Marxist Anyway?". Leaders in Critical Pedagogy. pp. 17–35. doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-166-3_2. ISBN 978-94-6300-166-3.
^ "Marxian Perspectives on Educational Philosophy: From Classical Marxism to Critical Pedagogy by Douglas Kellner". pages.gseis.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
^ Kaushik, Asha (1978). "The Neo-Marxist Framework of Erich Fromm". Indian Journal of Political Science. 39 (2): 202–209. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 41854841.
^ Ritzer, George; Schubert, J. Daniel (1991). "The Changing Nature of Neo-Marxist Theory: A Metatheoretical Analysis". Sociological Perspectives. 34 (3): 359–375. doi:10.2307/1389516. ISSN 0731-1214. JSTOR 1389516. S2CID 146959219.
^ "Literature of Revolution". Verso Books. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ Salamini, Leonardo (1975). "The Specificity of Marxist Sociology in Gramsci's Theory". The Sociological Quarterly. 16 (1): 65–86. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1975.tb02139.x. JSTOR 4105536.
^ "'Selected Writings on Marxism' by Stuart Hall reviewed by Christian Lotz". marxandphilosophy.org.uk. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ Rankin, William (September 2020). "How the visual is spatial: Contemporary spatial history, neo-Marxism, and the ghost of Braudel". History and Theory. 59 (3): 311–342. doi:10.1111/hith.12162. S2CID 225219007.
^ "The Frankfurt School". pages.gseis.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
^ Cha-Jua, Sundiata (1998). "C.L.R. James, Blackness, and the Making of a Neo-Marxist Diasporan Historiography" (PDF). Nature, Society & Thought. 11 (1): 53–89.
^ Schulenberg, Ulf (2001). "Fredric Jameson's American Neo-Marxism and the Dialectics of Totality and Difference". Amerikastudien / American Studies. 46 (2): 281–299. JSTOR 41157649.
^ "Fredric Jameson, biography by Douglas Kellner". pages.gseis.ucla.edu. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ Jessop, Bob (July 2001). "Bringing the State Back In (Yet Again): Reviews, Revisions, Rejections, and Redirections". International Review of Sociology. 11 (2): 149–173. doi:10.1080/713674035. S2CID 144308378.
^ "Lefebvre, Henri (1901–91) - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy". www.rep.routledge.com. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ "Ecology & Marxism: Andreas Malm | Historical Materialism". www.historicalmaterialism.org. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ Stevenson, Nick (2 January 2022). "Herbert Marcuse as a Critical Intellectual: The New Left and Alternative Socialist Futures". Rethinking Marxism. 34 (1): 81–98. doi:10.1080/08935696.2022.2026753. S2CID 247475409.
^ Freedman, Carl (November 2006). "Speculative fiction and international law: The Marxism of China Miéville". Socialism and Democracy. 20 (3): 25–39. doi:10.1080/08854300600950228. S2CID 144434833.
^ Solo, Robert (1978). "The Neo-Marxist Theory of the State". Journal of Economic Issues. 12 (4): 829–842. doi:10.1080/00213624.1978.11503580. JSTOR 4224747.
^ Warskett, Rosemary (2021). "Tribute to Leo Panitch, Organic Intellectual (1945–2021)". Labour / Le Travail. 88: 116–127. JSTOR 27098979.
^ Przeworski, Adam (December 1985). "Marxism and Rational Choice". Politics & Society. 14 (4): 379–409. doi:10.1177/003232928501400401. ISSN 0032-3292. S2CID 154674006.
^ Kieve, Ronald A. (1986). "From Necessary Illusion to Rational Choice?: A Critique of Neo-Marxist Rational-Choice Theory". Theory and Society. 15 (4): 557–582. doi:10.1007/BF00159268. ISSN 0304-2421. JSTOR 657211. S2CID 147610792.
^ Neilson, David (June 2018). "In-itself for-itself: Towards second-generation neo-Marxist class theory". Capital & Class. 42 (2): 273–295. doi:10.1177/0309816817723299. S2CID 149081168.
^ "Moishe Postone (1942-2018) | Historical Materialism". www.historicalmaterialism.org. 25 April 2018. Retrieved 2023-05-21.
^ Ritzer, George (2005). Encyclopedia of Social Theory. doi:10.4135/9781412952552. ISBN 978-0-7619-2611-5.^{[page needed]}
^ "Los Angeles Review of Books". Los Angeles Review of Books. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
^ "Monopoly capitalism and neo-Marxism". www.nationalaffairs.com. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ "Chapter 8: Marxism And Neo-Marxism | Online Resources". study.sagepub.com. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ Young, James D. (1967). "Neo-Marxism and the British New Left". Retrieved 17 May 2023 – via Marxists Internet Archive.
^ bloomsbury.com. "Raymond Williams and Education". Bloomsbury. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ Williams, Raymond. "Notes on British Marxism since 1945". New Left Review.
^ ^a ^b Zrenchik, Kyle; McDowell, Teresa (April 2012). "Class and Classism in Family Therapy Praxis: A Feminist, Neo-Marxist Approach". Journal of Feminist Family Therapy. 24 (2): 101–120. doi:10.1080/08952833.2012.648118. S2CID 145355235.
^ ^a ^b Almeida, Rhea. Cultural Context Model: A Liberation Based Healing Paradigm.^{[page needed]}
^ Mcdowell, Theresa. "Unsettling white stream pedagogy." 9th Annual Liberation Based Healing Conference. The Great White Project.
^ McDowell, Theresa. "Valuing Ideas of Social Justice in MFT Curricula."
^ Taylor, John (January 1974). "Neo-Marxism and Underdevelopment — A sociological phantasy". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 4 (1): 5–23. doi:10.1080/00472337485390021.
^ ^a ^b Nitzan, Jonathan, and Shimshon Bichler. 2009. Capital as power: a study of order and creorder. Taylor & Francis. p. 50.
^ Kalecki, Michał. 1971. "Class Struggle and the Distribution of National Income [Lucha de clases y distribución del ingreso]." Kyklos 24(1).
^ Baran, Paul A., and Paul Sweezy. 1966. Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order. New York: Monthly Review Press.
^ Bowles, Samuel (September 1985). "Post-Marxian economics: labour, learning and history". Social Science Information. 24 (3): 507–528. doi:10.1177/053901885024003005. S2CID 143529772.
^ Wolff, Richard D.; Cullenberg, Stephen (1986). "Marxism and Post-Marxism". Social Text (15): 126–135. doi:10.2307/466496. JSTOR 466496.
^ Clark, Barry Stewart (1998). Political economy: a comparative approach. ABC-CLIO. p. 67. ISBN 9780275958695.
^ Baran, Paul A.; Sweezy, Paul (1 July 2012). Foster, J. B. (ed.). "Some Theoretical Implications". Monthly Review. Vol. 64, no. 3.
^ ^a ^b Baran, Paul A. (1957). The Political Economy of Growth. New York: Monthly Review Press. pp. 22–23, 41–42. ISBN 978-0-14-021465-9.
^ "Spectre Journal". Spectre Journal. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
^ "About Us | Historical Materialism". www.historicalmaterialism.org. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "Rethinking Marxism". rethinkingmarxism.org. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "Sagepub".
^ "About". Salvage. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
^ "About the Journal | Cultural Logic: A Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice". ojs.library.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
^ London, King's College. "Contemporary Marxism Research Group". King's College London. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "Radical Philosophy". Radical Philosophy. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

Sources

Blackledge, Paul; Anderson, Perry (2004). Marxism, and the New Left. Merlin Press. ISBN 978-0-85036-532-0.
Holz, Hans Heinz (1972). Strömungen und Tendenzen im Neomarxismus [Currents and tendencies in neo-Marxism] (in German). Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag. ISBN 3-446-11650-8.
Müller, Horst (1986). Praxis und Hoffnung. Studien zur Philosophie und Wissenschaft gesellschaftlicher Praxis von Marx bis Bloch und Lefebvre [Practice and hope. Studies on the philosophy and science of social practice from Marx to Bloch and Lefebvre] (in German). Bochum: Germinal Verlag. ISBN 3-88663-509-0.
von Weiss, Andreas (1970). Neomarxismus. Die Problemdiskussion im Nachfolgemarximus der Jahre 1945 bis 1970 [Neo-Marxism. The problem discussion in the successor Marxism from 1945 to 1970] (in German). Freiburg/Munich: Karl-Alber-Verlag. ISBN 3-495-47212-6.

External links

Neo-Marxism: An Attempt at Reformation
Liberation Based Healing
Marxist Economics Archived 2009-08-25 at the Wayback Machine Courses, Links and Information
Marxian Economics (archive from Schwartz center of economic policy analysis)
Marxian Political Economy
The Neo-Marxian Schools (archive from Schwartz center of economic policy analysis)
A Marxian Introduction to Modern Economics
International working group on value theory Archived 2012-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
The End of the Market Archived 2020-08-03 at the Wayback Machine A website containing a critical evaluation the idea of the market-clearing price which affirms Marx's theory that in capitalism profitability would decline.
The Neo-Marxian Schools ("Radical Political Economy")

[Ritzer_1991_359–375-1] Ritzer, George; Schubert, J. Daniel (1991). "The Changing Nature of Neo-Marxist Theory: A Metatheoretical Analysis". Sociological Perspectives. 34 (3): 359–375. doi:10.2307/1389516. JSTOR 1389516. S2CID 146959219.

[2] Toscano, Alberto (2007). "Neo-Marxism". The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology. John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosn012. ISBN 978-1-4051-2433-1.

[3] Sterling-Folker, Jennifer (2011). "International Relations Theory". In Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Political Science. Vol. 3. CQ Press. pp. 829–831. doi:10.4135/9781608712434. ISBN 9781933116440.

[Neo-Marxist_approaches_to_developme-4] Foster-Carter, Aidan (January 1973). "Neo-Marxist approaches to development and underdevelopment". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 3 (1): 7–33. doi:10.1080/00472337308566845.

[5] "Neo-Marxism". New Discourses. 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2023-05-17.

[6] Swedberg, Richard (March 1987). "The Neo-Marxist Contribution". Current Sociology. 35 (1): 78–91. doi:10.1177/001139287035001010. S2CID 145656368.

[7] Gunnell, John G. (2011). "Political Science, History of". In Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Political Science. Vol. 4. CQ Press. pp. 1278–1286. ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0.

[8] Laberge, Yves (2011). "Protest Music". In Kurian, George Thomas (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Political Science. Vol. 4. CQ Press. pp. 1374–1375. ISBN 978-1-933116-44-0.

[Wright_2005_4–30-9] Wright, Erik Olin (2005). "Foundations of a neo-Marxist class analysis". Approaches to Class Analysis. pp. 4–30. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511488900.002. ISBN 978-0-521-84304-1. S2CID 143072329.

[10] Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon, eds. (1998). "neo-Marxism". A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press.

[11] Barrow, Clyde W. (1993). Critical Theories of the State: Marxist, Neomarxist, Postmarxist. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-13714-4.^{[page needed]}

[12] "IV. Marxisms and Neo-Marxisms | Cultural Politics". culturalpolitics.net. Retrieved 17 May 2023.

[13] "Hardt & Negri's 'Multitude': the worst of both worlds". openDemocracy. Retrieved 17 May 2023.

[14] Harrison, Oliver (2016). Revolutionary Subjectivity in Post-Marxist Thought: Laclau, Negri, Badiou. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-06333-9.^{[page needed]}

[15] "Spectre Journal". Spectre Journal. Retrieved 17 May 2023.

[16] "About Us | Historical Materialism". www.historicalmaterialism.org. Retrieved 22 May 2023.

[17] "Rethinking Marxism". rethinkingmarxism.org. Retrieved 22 May 2023.

[18] "Sagepub".

[19] "About". Salvage. Retrieved 24 May 2023.

[20] "About the Journal | Cultural Logic: A Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice". ojs.library.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2023-07-15.

[21] London, King's College. "Contemporary Marxism Research Group". King's College London. Retrieved 22 May 2023.

[22] Althusser, Louis (15 December 2017). "The Crisis of Marxism (1977)". Viewpoint Magazine. Retrieved 17 May 2023.

[:0-23] Yates, Shaun (2014). Crime, Criminality & Social Revolution. UK: Clok. p. 44.

[24] "A little help from my neo-Marxist philosopher: was Adorno the fifth Beatle?". The Guardian. 10 September 2019.

[25] "Althusser and the Renewal of Marxist Social Theory". publishing.cdlib.org. Retrieved 2023-05-17.

[26] Folson, Kweku G. (1985). "Samir Amin as a Neo-Marxist". Africa Development / Afrique et Développement. 10 (3): 112–136. JSTOR 24495941.

[27] Brown, Douglas (9 January 2013). "Michael Apple, Social Theory, Critical Transcendence, and the New Sociology: An Essay". In Education. 17 (2). doi:10.37119/ojs2011.v17i2.79.

[28] "Balibar Étienne". Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory. 19 April 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.

[29] Freeman, Samuel. "The Headquarters of Neo-Marxism".

[30] "Tithi Bhattacharya". Tithi Bhattacharya. Retrieved 17 May 2023.

[31] Johnston, Paul (1985). "Review of Accumulation Crisis". Berkeley Journal of Sociology. 30: 213–223. ISSN 0067-5830. JSTOR 41035351.

[32] Thomas, Alan (2016). "G. A. Cohen's Neo-Marxist Critique of Rawls". Republic of Equals. pp. 68–94. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190602116.003.0003. ISBN 978-0-19-060211-6.

[33] Moolakkattu, John S. (October 2009). "Robert W. Cox and Critical Theory of International Relations". International Studies. 46 (4): 439–456. doi:10.1177/002088171004600404. S2CID 143270526.

[34] Ritzer, George (2005). Encyclopedia of Social Theory. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publishing. doi:10.4135/9781412952552. ISBN 978-0-7619-2611-5. OCLC 162126827.

[35] Wamp, Bailey (1 May 2015). Spectacle, Consumer Capitalism, and the Hyperreality of the Mediated American Jury Trial: the French Perspective on O.J. Simpson, Casey Anthony, and Dominique Strauss-Kahn (Masters). University of Tennessee.

[36] Stauffer, Jill (2001). "Review of The End of Human Rights". Journal of Law and Society. 28 (3): 459–463. JSTOR 3657993.

[37] Bowers, C. A. (January 1984). "The Problem of Individualism and Community in Neo-Marxist Educational Thought". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education. 85 (3): 365–390. doi:10.1177/016146818408500307. S2CID 141113071.

[38] Au, Wayne (2015). "Just What the Hell is a Neo-Marxist Anyway?". Leaders in Critical Pedagogy. pp. 17–35. doi:10.1007/978-94-6300-166-3_2. ISBN 978-94-6300-166-3.

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