曾母暗沙(英語:James Shoal,直译:詹姆斯暗沙;馬來語:Beting Serupai,马来西亚作詹姆士暗沙,亦稱詹姆沙),是一座位於南中国海、终年不露出水面的海底暗沙,被视為南沙群島的一部分, 中華民國、中華人民共和國及馬來西亞皆聲稱對其擁有主權。
1935年中華民國公布礁岩名稱為「曾姆灘」,提出擁有該領土主權,1947年變更其名稱為「曾母暗沙」,中华人民共和国于1983年亦公布其为該國最南端之领土,而依據雙方领土主张,最南端领土嚴格來說为立地暗沙(位於曾母暗沙西南方的暗沙)。馬來西亞以大陸架劃界原則作為聲討基底,其為三方中唯一一國曾母暗沙位於其國土200海里內的國家。中華民國內政部將其劃為高雄市轄屬;依照中华人民共和国行政区划,曾母暗沙属于海南省管辖;而馬來西亞將其歸為砂拉越管轄。由于此水域坐落於砂拉越海岸线200海里专属经济区范围内,因此砂拉越在附近海域有大量的油氣開採。中國人民解放軍海軍亦不时巡航曾母暗沙及附近海域以佔領领海。[2]
James Shoal這個名詞最早出現於1892年的《倫敦憲報》,文中刊載英國海軍勘探船(英语:Survey vessel)「厄革里亞」號(英语:HMS Egeria (1873))探勘的訊息:「曾母暗沙水深12英尋(22米),周遭水域為22—31英尋(40—57米),位在亞西暗沙(Acis Shoals)西北方25英里處,座標為北緯4度,東經112度18分」。[3]其命名來源不詳,但有可能是砂拉越王国第一任白人拉惹詹姆斯·布魯克的音譯。
1935年,中華民國內政部公布該礁島名稱為曾姆灘,宣告擁有此地主權。隨後發現此地並不是一個岩灘,而是一處不露出海面的岩礁,1947年,中華民國變更其名稱為「曾母暗沙」。[4]在國共內戰後,中華民國與中華人民共和國雙方皆宣稱自身為中國唯一合法代表,且皆宣稱中國擁有此地主權。
1983年4月25日,中华人民共和国中国地名委员会公布其标准化地名,仍为曾母暗沙。5月,中国人民解放军海军编队前往南沙巡逻,并于22日8时19分在曾母暗沙抛锚,宣示主权。
1990年,中国国家海洋局在曾母暗沙投下“南沙群岛科学考察碑”。1994年,中国人民解放军海军再次在曾母暗沙宣示主权,并投下一块主权碑。
2005年,中国海军南海舰队167远航编队在曾母暗沙投放主权纪念碑。2010年4月20日,中国海监83船在曾母暗沙投放主权碑。[5]
2014年1月,中國通過南海管理規章,規定所有外國人和外國漁船進入海南島管轄水域捕魚或進行漁業資源調查活動,都應該經過中國國務院批准。26日,中國派出兩棲船塢登陸艦長白山艦,以及兩艘導彈驅逐艦海口艦和武漢艦,巡航曾母暗沙,宣示主權。然而,马来西亚海军司令否认中国军舰曾进入马方200海里专属经济区,并指中方是在1000海里外的公海演习,且已事先知会马来西亚和美国[6]。
2016年7月12日,常设仲裁法院依《联合国海洋法公约》附件七任命仲裁人组成「臨時仲裁庭」,在菲律宾控告中国案中作出裁决,認為无证据显示中国历史上曾经单独地有效控制礁岩或海域,故中國所主张的历史性权利“无效”。中华人民共和国表明不承认常设仲裁法院拥有对主权问题的管辖权,中华民国也表明不接受相关判决,而菲律宾、越南等涉事国则表示欢迎[7]。
2020年7月13日,美國國務院在聲明中反對中國對曾母暗沙聲索主權,其指出北京當局宣稱曾母暗沙為「中國最南端領土」,但曾母暗沙為水下地物,依據國際法任何國家不得對水下地物提出主權聲索,且曾母暗沙離馬來西亞海岸僅50海里,然而距離中國沿岸則有1000海里遠。[1][8][9][10][11]
馬來語稱之為Beting Serupai,即Serupai 暗沙。中国渔民向称沙排,是因海南岛渔民对那些低潮时也不露出海面的珊瑚礁(暗沙)称为「沙排」之故。但中國地理學家劉南威認為「沙排」並不是曾母暗沙的渔民慣用名稱,清代海南漁民航海手冊《更路簿》中的“沙排”是指位於道明群礁東北部,标准名称為长滩的渔民慣用名称,把“沙排”当作曾母暗沙的渔民习用名称是张冠李戴的,而曾母暗沙沒有渔民慣用名称。[12]
英文名称 James Shoal最早于1870年在英国人出版的航海图中出现,而1933年中华民国政府最初公布的南沙群岛名称时,包括“曾姆滩”在内的许多礁岩名字都是由英文名音译而来。[13]
曾母暗沙位于巽他陆架上,近婆罗洲一侧、南沙群岛南方,距砂拉越海岸线约80公里(43海里),距离中華民国太平島约740公里(400海里),处于低潮线下,终年不露出水面。详细位置如下:
美方也在聲明中反對中國對曾母暗沙(James Shoal)聲索主權。聲明指出,北京對外宣稱曾母暗沙為「中國最南端領土」,但曾母暗沙為水下地物,依據國際法任何國家不得提出主權聲索,且其離馬來西亞僅50海里,但距離中國沿岸有1000海里遠。
The United States, quite sensibly, has never taken a position on which country is the rightful owner of these territories. However, Pompeo’s statement breaks new ground by asserting that China has “no lawful territorial or maritime claim to (or derived from) James Shoal.”
The statement also said China’s claims over the submerged feature James Shoal near Malaysia were unlawful.
On July 13, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said in a written statement that the U.S. position on China’s maritime claims in the South China Sea is aligned with key aspects of the Tribunal’s decision.“Beijing’s claims to offshore resources across most of the South China Sea are completely unlawful, as is its campaign of bullying to control them.” This means that the United States does not recognize Beijing’s maritime claims to waters within the 370 kilometer [200 nautical mile] Exclusive Economic Zone of another country beyond a lawful territorial sea generated from islands it claims in the Spratlys, nor do we recognize its claims to underwater features like James Shoal or low-tide elevations like Mischief Reef and Second Thomas Shoal, which, under international law, may not be claimed by any state and are incapable of generating maritime zones of their own.
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