海南岛

19°12′N 109°42′E / 19.200°N 109.700°E / 19.200; 109.700

海南
主權争议岛屿
地理
位置东亚
面积33,210k㎡
排名世界面積第46大的島嶼
世界人口第16多的岛屿
长度156km
宽度170km
最高海拔1,840m
最高点五指山
实际管理方
 中华人民共和国
中国一级行政区海南省
最大城市海口市(常住2,046,189人)
主權聲索方
 中華民國
特別行政區海南特別行政區
 中华人民共和国
中国一级行政区海南省
人口统计
人口10,081,200
族群汉族海南闽人临高人儋州人客家人北方人仡隆人疍家人迈话族群)、黎族苗族壮族回辉人
其他资料
官方網站https://www.hainan.gov.cn/

海南岛,古称琼州琼崖,是位于西太平洋陆缘海之一的南海西北部的一座岛屿,是中华人民共和国海南省的主体部分。

海南岛北隔琼州海峡欧亚大陆雷州半岛相望,陆地面积约3万3210平方公里,地质上屬於大陆岛,是南中国海最大的岛,同時也是中华人民共和国聲稱领土中的第二大岛屿、而事實上控制的第一大岛屿。[註 1]

1950年5月1日海南島戰役後,原中华民国海南特别行政区被中华人民共和国重新併入广东省,直到1988年独立建省后再次从广东省划出,是为海南省[1]

海南岛仅为海南省的一部分,但现实中海南岛和海南省一般可以相互指代。在国家统计局官方数据中,海南省面积排名全国第29。[2]

地理

海南島在北回归线以南,东经110度左右,该岛也是中华人民共和国最南方的大型島嶼,北隔琼州海峡雷州半岛相望,距离广东省的雷州半岛最窄处约18公里[3]。西临中国南海北部湾,东面和南面濒中国南海。

气候

海南岛属海洋性热带季风气候,地处热带北缘,占中国热带土地面积的40%,光照充足,年日照时数大于2,000小时,活动积温达8,400至9,200摄氏度;夏热冬暖,最热月均温在25至29摄氏度,最冷月均温大于16摄氏度。極端情況下,才於明朝年間降雪[4]

降水方面,受夏季季风影响,岛上降水从东向西减少;受地形影响,降水廣泛集中於東部,西南部降水少,因此位於島內西南部有個著名的莺歌海盐场

地形

海南岛地形为中部高四周低,最高峰为五指山,海拔1867公尺。中南部由五指山鹦哥岭吊罗山尖峰岭等山脉组成,北部及岛屿四周则为丘陵平原和滨海沙滩[5]

自然资源

生物资源

山地丘陵地区热带雨林热带季雨林发育,多有珍稀物种

  1. 药用植物见血封喉花梨木砂仁益智槟榔
  2. 用材植物苦梓坡垒青梅子京野荔枝
  3. 珍稀动物孔雀雉白鹇长臂猿坡鹿云豹水獭猴子水鹿灵猫穿山甲巨松鼠

沿海地區則有珊瑚與及珊瑚魚類分布。

铁矿

石碌铁矿:中国为数不多的富铁矿之一。

交通

注释

  1. ^ 中華民國於1949年公布《海南特区行政长官公署组织条例》和《海南建省筹备委员会组织条例》設置了海南特別行政區,两条例已于1972年停止适用,2003年正式废止,而東沙群島南沙太平島转由中華民國直辖市高雄代管

参考文献

  1. ^ 海南香. 海南岛知道多一点. [2019-01-01]. (原始内容存档于2019-05-08). 
  2. ^ 存档副本. [2020-02-06]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-24). 
  3. ^ 世界主要海峡-瓊州海峽寬度最窄18公里. [2011-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2012-05-22) (中文(中国大陆)). 
  4. ^ 存档副本. [2016-01-23]. (原始内容存档于2017-12-16). 
  5. ^ Yifeng, Hu; Wenhua, Yu; Yang, Yue; Zhenglanyi, Huang; Yuchun, Li; Yi, Wu. Species diversity and potential distribution of Chiroptera on Hainan Island, China. Biodiversity Science. 2019, 27 (4): 400–408. doi:10.17520/biods.2018256. 

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