尿道

尿道
男性尿道(上) 女性尿道(下)
标识字符
MeSHD014521
TA98A08.4.01.001F、​A08.5.01.001M
TA234263442
FMAFMA:19667
格雷氏p.1234
解剖學術語
男性(左)与女性(右)尿道外口(opening urethra)示意圖

尿道urethra)是哺乳动物尿膀胱运送至体外的肌性管道,属泌尿系统的器官之一;在雄性也是精液排出的通道,因此也是生殖器官之一。

人类男性尿道起始于膀胱内三角尖端的尿道内口,穿过前列腺、尿生殖膈及尿道海绵体,止于阴茎头顶端的尿道外口;男性尿道长而细,分为前列腺部、膜部和海绵体部,兼有排尿和排精的功能。女性尿道同样始于尿道内口、穿过尿生殖膈、终于阴道前庭部的尿道外口;女性尿道短而直,与阴道邻近。

胚胎發育的过程中尿道是从泄殖腔的腹面产生的。

解剖学

雄性尿道

人類男性尿道

“雄性尿道[1]”的拉丁语学名urethra masculina,成熟男性的尿道约长20厘米左右。所有雄性哺乳动物的尿道均经过前列腺阴茎,并在龟头开口,男性的尿道口俗称「马眼」。许多哺乳动物的龟头尿道出口处还有一个凸出(学名为 processus urethrae),尤其的凸出特别长。

雄性动物的尿道分以下数段:

  • 骨盆段(pars pelvina
    • 前列腺前段(pars preprostatica
    • 前列腺段(pars prostatica
    • 前列腺后段(pars postprostatica),尿道肌位于这个部位
  • 尿道峡(isthmus urethrae),尿道进入阴茎前的窄处
  • 阴茎段(pars penina

男人尿道分以下三段:

  • 前列腺段(pars prostatica),约3至4厘米长
  • 盆底段(pars membranacea),约1厘米长,在这里尿道肌围绕尿道
  • 海绵体段(pars spongiosa),通过阴茎海绵体部分,约15至20厘米长。在出口处前放宽(fossa navicularis urethrae),然后又在出口处收缩成一个裂缝状(ostium urethrae externum,尿道外口)

尿道并不是从开始到结束都一样宽的,男人尿道有三个窄处和三个宽处:

  • 第一个窄处:尿道内口(ostium urethrae internum
  • 第一个宽处:前列腺段(pars prostatica
  • 第二个窄处:盆底段(pars membranacea
  • 第二个宽处:尿道壶腹(ampulla recti urethrae
  • 第三个宽处:尿道舟状窝(fossa navicularis urethrae
  • 第三个窄处:尿道外口(ostium urethrae externum

雌性尿道

女性尿道

“雌性尿道[2]”的拉丁语学名为 urethra feminina,成熟女人的尿道长度在约2.5至4厘米之间,它的开口处位于阴道前庭阴道口之间。雌性偶蹄目动物的尿道开口于一个由黏膜组成的盲腔内(尿道下憩室,diverticulum suburethrale),这为导尿加大了难度。

尿道长度的性别差异有医学意义:女性尿道比较短,容易导致膀胱炎尿失禁。男性尿道比较长,对使用导尿管比较不利,此外容易导致肾结石

尿道肌是骨骼肌,它对憋尿能力非常重要。

组织学

尿道是一根带有肌肉的、皮质的管道。与其它泌尿系统管道一样,它由尿路上皮组成。上皮组织下是一层弹性的、带有血管网的结缔组织,称为海绵层(stratum spongiosum);再向外是一层平滑肌,最外层是与周边组织相连的结缔组织。

检查

  • 使用内視镜
  • 抹片检查,使用棉球擦,检查擦下的组织中是否有导致感染的细菌
  • 检验尿

疾病

参考文献

  1. ^ male urethra - 雄性尿道. 雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網. 國家教育研究院. [2013-06-17]. 
  2. ^ female urethra - 雌性尿道. 雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網. 國家教育研究院. [2013-06-17]. 

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