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生物系統

生物系統(biological system)是指許多相關的生物單元組成的複雜网络。生物系統的尺度有大有小,會依系統的特性,有不同的結構[1]。像由許多生物形成的族群,就是巨觀生物系統的例子。若考慮動物器官及組織的尺度,此一尺度的生物系統有循環系統呼吸系統神經系統。在微米及奈米尺寸的生物系統有細胞細胞器、大分子複合物及调节T细胞通道。

器官系統和組織系統

舉一個人體內的系統:像小腦脊髓神經就是神經系統中的四個基本單元。

以下是人體解剖學中研究的系統,許多動物也有類似的系統。

歷史

生物系統的表示方式和生物體的功能英语Function_(biology)有關[2],系統是一組有明確功能的器官。在希臘羅馬古典时代(例如盖伦亚里士多德)即有此概念,但「系統」一詞是近代才開始使用。例如神經系統的命名是Monro在1783年命名,但以弗所的鲁弗斯英语Rufus of Ephesus(c. 90-120)是第一個將大腦、脊髓及顱脊神經視為一個解剖學單元,不過鲁弗斯對其功能描述的不多,也沒有為此單元命名[3]

有關身體主要功能(因此也代表所對應的系統)的列舉,從古典时代之後就沒什麼變化,不過各學者會有不同的分類[2],像亚里士多德、比夏英语Bichat喬治·居維葉的分類就有不同[4][5]

用功能分工來標示生物系統的作法源自於1820年代法國生理學家亨利·米爾·愛德華,此概念「將生物視為人工製造的機器,以此觀點比較並且進行分析。」。米爾·愛德華的靈感是來亞當·斯密,米爾·愛德華認為「不論是動物或是植物,所有生物的身體都類似一個工廠,而器官就像是工人,不停工作以產生生物生存所需要的各種機制。」對於一些分化程度更高的生物體,分工可能會在不同的器官或是系統中進行[6]

細胞器系統

細胞的組成會依真核生物原核生物而有不同[7]

  • 細胞核(只有真核生物才有):儲存遺傳物質,細胞的控制中心。
  • 胞质溶胶:是細胞質的組成,本身是類似果凍的液體,細胞器懸浮在其中。
  • 細胞膜
  • 内质网:核膜的外層,其中形成了可以運輸物質的通道,可分為粗糙內質網(Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, RER)和光滑內質網(Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, SER)兩種。
  • 核糖体:細胞內部活動需要的蛋白質會在此合成,無法在其他細胞器中複製。
  • 線粒體:細胞中產生能量的細胞器,是細胞內進行呼吸,產生ATP(三磷酸腺苷)的部位。
  • 溶酶体:會分解細胞中不想要或是不需要的物質。
  • 过氧化物酶体:利用其中的消化酶來分解有毒物質,例如H2O2過氧化氫)。
  • 高尔基体(只有真核生物才有),摺疊的網狀結構,可以進行物質的處理、運輸以及分泌。
  • 叶绿体:光合作用所在的位置,儲存葉綠素。

相關條目

外部連結

參考資料

  1. ^ F. Muggianu; A. Benso; R. Bardini; E. Hu; G. Politano; S. Di Carlo. Modeling biological complexity using Biology System Description Language (BiSDL). 2018 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine (BIBM). IEEE Xplore Digital Library. 2018: 713–717. ISBN 978-1-5386-5488-0. S2CID 59233194. doi:10.1109/BIBM.2018.8621533. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Fletcher, John (1837). "On the functions of organized beings, and their arrangement". In: Rudiments of physiology. Part 2. On life, as manifested in irritation. Edinburgh: John Carfrae & Son. pp. 1-15. link.
  3. ^ Swanson, Larry (2014). Neuroanatomical Terminology: A Lexicon of Classical Origins and Historical Foundations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. link页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). p. 489.
  4. ^ Bichat, X. (1801). Anatomie générale appliquée à la physiologie et à la médecine, 4 volumes in-8, Brosson, Gabon, Paris, link. (See pp. cvj-cxj).
  5. ^ Cuvier, Georges. Lecons d'anatomie comparée 2. éd., cor. et augm. Paris: Crochard, 1835-1846. link页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  6. ^ R. M. Brain. The Pulse of Modernism: Physiological Aesthetics in Fin-de-Siècle Europe. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015. 384 pp., [1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
  7. ^ Human Anatomy And Physiology. PressBooks. [2022-10-24]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-20). 
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