生物系統(biological system)是指許多相關的生物單元組成的複雜网络。生物系統的尺度有大有小,會依系統的特性,有不同的結構[1]。像由許多生物形成的族群,就是巨觀生物系統的例子。若考慮動物器官及組織的尺度,此一尺度的生物系統有循環系統、呼吸系統及神經系統。在微米及奈米尺寸的生物系統有細胞、細胞器、大分子複合物及调节T细胞通道。
以下是人體解剖學中研究的系統,許多動物也有類似的系統。
生物系統的表示方式和生物體的功能(英语:Function_(biology))有關[2],系統是一組有明確功能的器官。在希臘羅馬古典时代(例如盖伦、亚里士多德)即有此概念,但「系統」一詞是近代才開始使用。例如神經系統的命名是Monro在1783年命名,但以弗所的鲁弗斯(英语:Rufus of Ephesus)(c. 90-120)是第一個將大腦、脊髓及顱脊神經視為一個解剖學單元,不過鲁弗斯對其功能描述的不多,也沒有為此單元命名[3]。
有關身體主要功能(因此也代表所對應的系統)的列舉,從古典时代之後就沒什麼變化,不過各學者會有不同的分類[2],像亚里士多德、比夏(英语:Bichat)和喬治·居維葉的分類就有不同[4][5]。
用功能分工來標示生物系統的作法源自於1820年代法國生理學家亨利·米爾·愛德華,此概念「將生物視為人工製造的機器,以此觀點比較並且進行分析。」。米爾·愛德華的靈感是來亞當·斯密,米爾·愛德華認為「不論是動物或是植物,所有生物的身體都類似一個工廠,而器官就像是工人,不停工作以產生生物生存所需要的各種機制。」對於一些分化程度更高的生物體,分工可能會在不同的器官或是系統中進行[6]。
細胞的組成會依真核生物或原核生物而有不同[7]。
Pour les articles homonymes, voir ADS. Cet article est une ébauche concernant l’astronomie et une revue scientifique. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Astrophysics Data SystemHistoireFondation 1992CadreType Archive ouverte, base de données bibliographiques, bibliothèque de donnéesPays États-UnisOrganisationSite web (en) ui.adsabs.harvard.edumodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wiki…
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