M4 (球狀星團)

M4
球狀星團M4
Credit: ESO影像調查
觀測數據(J2000 曆元)
分類IX[1]
星座天蠍座
赤經16h 23m 35.22s[2]
赤緯–26° 31′ 32.7″[2]
距離7.2 kly(2.2 kpc
視星等 (V)+5.9[3]
視直徑(V)26′.0
物理性質
Mass6.7×104[4] M
半徑35 光年s
金屬量–1.07[5] dex
估計年齡(12.2 ± 0.2) Gyr[6]
值得注意的特色鄰近的球狀星團
其它名稱NGC 6121[3]

M4梅西耶4(也稱為NGC 6121)是在天蠍座的一個球狀星團。它是Philippe Loys de Chéseaux英语Philippe Loys de Chéseaux在1745年發現,梅西耶在1764年將它收錄為梅西耶天體。這是第一個被分辨出單顆恒星的球狀星團。

可見性

M4即使在最小的望遠鏡中也很顯眼,它是一個模糊的光球,位於明亮的恆星心宿二西方1.3度的地方。兩個天體可以同時在雙筒望遠鏡中看到,是最容易找到的球狀星團之一。中等口徑的望遠鏡可以分辨出單顆的恆星,其中最亮恆星的視星等為10.8等。

特點

M4是一個相當鬆散的球狀星團,直徑約為75光年,在夏普力-索耶集中度分類法中的分類為IX。以中等口徑的望遠鏡可以看見其核心有一個典型的「棒狀」結構穿過。威廉·赫歇爾在1783年首次發現這個結構,它由11等的恆星組成,長約2.5角分。在M4中觀測到的變星至少已經有43顆。

M4距離地球約7,200光年,是距離太陽系最近的球狀星團。它的年齡估計為122億年[6]

在天文學,將以外的元素通通稱為金屬,所以這些元素的豐度稱為金屬量,通常就以元素相對於氫的豐度來表示,並與太陽相比較。對於M4,測得的鐵豐度等於:

這個值是相對於太陽中的鐵氫比的對數。因此,這個星團的鐵豐度相當於太陽鐵豐度的8.5%。這有力地表明這個星團擁有兩個年齡不同的恆星群,星團可能經歷了兩個恆星形成的主要周期或階段[5]

空間速度分量(U, V, W)=(–57 ± 3, –193 ± 22,–8 ± 5)km/s。這確認了它環繞銀河系的軌道週期為(116 ± 3) 百萬年離心率 0.80 ± 0.03:近銀心點距離為(0.6 ± 0.1) 千秒差距遠銀心點距離為(5.9 ± 0.3)千秒差距。與星系平面成 23°±6°傾斜角,因此它會高於盤面上方 1.5±0.4 kpc [7]。當它通過銀河盤面時,距離銀河核心不到5kpc。因此,M4每次通過時都會經歷潮汐激波的衝擊,這會導致恆星反覆地脫落。因此,M4在過去可能更大[5]

值得注意的恆星

1995年,哈伯太空望遠鏡拍攝的照片揭示了M4中的白矮星,它們是銀河系中已知最古老的恆星,年齡為130億年。其中一顆白矮星被發現是一顆帶有脈衝星伴星PSR B1620-26和一顆行星PSR B1620-26b聯星。這顆行星的質量是木星的2.5倍。

在1987年,發現一顆週期大約是蟹狀星雲脈衝星10倍的毫秒脈衝星CX-1,其週期為3.0毫秒。它可能是毫秒脈衝星/中子星的聯星,它的軌道週期為6.31小時。

閃爍鏡

小羅伯特·伯納姆描述在閃爍鏡英语Spinthariscope下看到M4有超運動發光的α粒子(參見伯納姆天體手冊,第三卷:從孔雀座至狐狸座第1703頁)。

圖集

参见

參考資料

  1. ^ Shapley, Harlow; Sawyer, Helen B. A Classification of Globular Clusters. Harvard College Observatory Bulletin. August 1927, 849 (849): 11–14. Bibcode:1927BHarO.849...11S. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Goldsbury, Ryan; et al. The ACS Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters. X. New Determinations of Centers for 65 Clusters. The Astronomical Journal. December 2010, 140 (6): 1830–1837. Bibcode:2010AJ....140.1830G. arXiv:1008.2755可免费查阅. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1830. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 M 4. SIMBAD. 斯特拉斯堡天文資料中心. [2010-03-25]. 
  4. ^ Marks, Michael; Kroupa, Pavel. Initial conditions for globular clusters and assembly of the old globular cluster population of the Milky Way. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. August 2010, 406 (3): 2000–2012. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.406.2000M. arXiv:1004.2255可免费查阅. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16813.x.  Mass is from MPD on Table 1.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Marino, A. F.; et al. Spectroscopic and photometric evidence of two stellar populations in the Galactic globular cluster NGC 6121 (M 4). Astronomy and Astrophysics. November 2008, 490 (2): 625–640. Bibcode:2008A&A...490..625M. arXiv:0808.1414可免费查阅. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810389. 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Caputo, F.; Castellani, V.; Quarta, M. L. Reddening, distance modulus and age of the globular cluster NGC 6121 (M4) from the properties of RR Lyrae variables. Astronomy and Astrophysics. February 1985, 143 (1): 8–12. Bibcode:1985A&A...143....8C. 
  7. ^ Dinescu, Dana I.; Girard, Terrence M.; van Altena, William F. Space Velocities of Globular Clusters. III. Cluster Orbits and Halo Substructure. The Astronomical Journal. April 1999, 117 (4): 1792–1815. Bibcode:1999AJ....117.1792D. doi:10.1086/300807可免费查阅. 
  8. ^ A Cluster with a Secret. ESO Press Release. [5 September 2012]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-12). 
  9. ^ Ancient orbs. ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. [3 September 2012]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-24). 

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